This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. Google" books https://books.google.com This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. Google" books https://books.google.com iWfUNALBIBLlOTH€K IN WIEN 398130 -C PERIOD. tX: 3 * J*: '•?'» y 7 \-* r 3 ^ * ’ *►* >*f vVjj* 4 r % - ; >„ > A sOfti ./* !*■ *•'*'*. M / ^ 5 L ,. n. j~ £ A , k&m * L< l ■ B * •>. ’, Vo 1 : /|4 7 *V>^ f ?*fev 1 f* f * f v3 :*& % x.-S-.% 't'-'Sa. .msy Y V; *" ' • / * • £ ' V’-- A fW\ * kf •J'*'* •* 5 rj^ 0 -i' -» V 1 1 • •„ 4 - T p ' A- * * . * W - *'; ^ V <jk c • •C *\ ’ * > .;»i .. y Jp* *f* »W A " Mk \ « ‘ / If J i * ' • X w> t * b 4 * * *■& *, A* 5 r 5 X&B Digitized by Google Digitized by ^ooQie THE ACADEMY. A Record of Literature, Learning, Science, and Art. “INTER SILVAS ACADEMI QtLERERE VERUM.” Volume II. LONDON: WILLIAMS AND NORGATE, 14, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1871. 398430-C PERIOD. Digitized by Google LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET, AND CHARING CROSS. Digitized by CONTENTS OF VOL. II General Literature. Review*. FAQE Abbott and Seeley’s English Lessons /or English People .. .. .. . • 45 1 Ammcrgau Play (Literature of the) .. 257 Arnold’s Select English Works of John Wyclif .346, 368 Austen-Leigh’s Memoir 0/ Jane A us- ten .367 Bacon’s (Francis) A Conference of Pleasure .. .. .. 7 Barham’s Life and Letters of the Rev. Richard Harris Barham .. 192 Barlow’s On the Vernon Da Ale.. .. 32 Belcher’s (Lady) Mutineers of the Bounty .. • • •• .. .... .. 107 Bernhard ten Brink’s Studies on Chaucer . .. 33 B*x>th's Saint-Simon and Saint-Si- tnonism . •• 47* Bottrdl’s Traditions and Hearthside Stories of West Cormoall .. .. 29 Browning's Balaustion’s Adventure 409 JBuchmann’s li inged Woris .. .. 550 Catalogue of Prints and Drawings in the British M us cum .. 149 Christie’s Select Poems by Dry den .. 490 Clerk’s Poems of Ossian .. .. 365, 390 Conway’s Earthward Pilgrimage .. 215 Coppee's Premil rex Potties, Poetises modemes •. .. 30 Delepicrre’s Paradie chez les Greet, &=e. 4*0 Dickens’ Mystery of Edwin Drood .. x Dumas. Alexandre..85 Eckardt’s Young Russian and Old Livonian .. .. .. .. .. •• 191 Ellis' Poems of Catullus .. .. .. 169 El win's Works of Alexander Pope .. 125 Fallcrslcbcn’s Low-German sEsop .. 151 Ferraro's Cants e Raeconti del Popolo italumo .. .. .. .. .. 303 Ford’s Drrina Coin media of Dante .. 126 Gyulai’s Romhanyi . .. 490 Hake's Madeline . .. 105 Hannah’s The Courtly Poets .. .. 30 Heyse’s (Paul) Novels.509 Hutton’s Essays, Theological and Li¬ terary .325 Kala-ala (the Finnish epic) .. .. 430 Kemcny’s Studies .259 Klein’s II isfory of the Spanish Drama 190 Landseer’s Life and Letters of Wil- liam Bewick .471 Liliencron’s Political Ballads and Poems of Germany . 4 Lovcrdos’ Songs of the Mountains .. 259 Miller’s Songs of the Sierras •. .. 301 Mh ford’s Tales of Old Japan .’. .. 389 M rley’s !H.) CUment Marot, and other Studies .279 J.) Critical Miscellanies .. 213 Morris’ Earthly Paradise .57 O’Shaughnessy’s An Epic of Women, ami other Poems .. .. 32 Our first Year •. .. 1 Palgrave’s Lyrical Poems .. . • •. 345 Payne’s The Masque of Shadows .. 32 Ferny’s Proverbes chine is .. .. .. 512 Pitre’s Canti popolari sic ilia ni •• .. 58 Pocsias de F. Stanislao del Camfio .. 472 Poetical Works (the) of Thomas Chat¬ ter ton .549 Ralston’s Krilof and his Fables .. 345 Revue analytiquc des Ouvrages lerits en Centons .410 Van's Autobiography .. .. 368 Robinson’s (W.I Alpine Flowers and The Wild Garden . 5 GENERAL LITERATURE— continued. PAGE Rossetti’s Shadow of Dante .. .. 55 1 SaltykofFs History of a Town .. ..15* Sargant's Essays (vol. iii.).55 1 Schone’s Correspondence behveen Les¬ sing and his Wife ..4 2 9 Senior’s Journals kept in France and Italy .51 x Simrock’s Sources of Shakespeare .. 277 Solomon’s Vision of Love Revealed in 1 Sleep . 189 I Steele’s Kusa-Jhtakaya .449 I Stephen’s Playgronnd of Europe .. 469 Swinburne’s Songs before Sunrise .. 87 Symonds’ Miscellanies .. .. .. .. 489 I Taylor’s Goethe’s Faust .529 ! Tyndall's Hours of Exercise in the Alps .. .. 469 Van de Velde’s Marlow's Faustus .. 192 Wagner’s Marlowe's Tragedy of Ed¬ ward II .550 Wedmore’s A Snapt Gold Ring .. 327 Whymper’s Scrambles amongst the Alps . 469 Wysc and Stanley’s Impressions of Greece .233 Contents of the Journals. Geiger’s Jiidische Zeitschrift, 37 ; Lite- rarisches Centralblatt, 38 ; Theologische 1 Studien und Kritiken, 38; Zcitschrift J fur wisscnsch. Theologie. 37. Selected Articles. On biography, 62 (2). On history, 8 (2). On infinity, 62. On mythology, 38. On poetry, 8 (3), 62 (3). On psychology, 62. On value, 8. j Miscellaneous, 62 (2). Nules. - Academy, South Slavonic, at Agram 492 Afanasicf, Aleksandr.491 Aim ana provencau, the .128 Alvoro de Luna , Constable .. 217, 260 “Arabiana”.217 Archaeologia Cambrcnsis .433 Aristophanes, genius of.216 A Shadow of Dante .152 “ Beauty and Realism,” Poynter’s .. 304 Boehmcr, Professor ..348 Bonwicke, Ambrose . 8 British Museum, increase of library of 8 Broglie, Due dc .452 Budapcsti Szcmle .433 Bulgarian literature .452 Charles the Bold, book belonging to.. 554 Chatterton’s letters to Walpole .. .. 15a Chaucer, the text of . 8 “ Chinese Statesmen and State Papers” 304 Columbus, claims of .X09 Court of Love, the, and Chaucer .. 60 Cox’s Popular Rotttanccs of the Mid- die Ages .530 Criticism, vituperative style of .. .. 474 Dante’s character, imputations on .. 152 Dark Blue, the .152, 260, 394 Das Lied voin ucueti Dcutschen Reich 280 David, Armand .193 De Guis .. .. 216 Dramatic Literature of France .. .. 280 Dravidian folk-songs.531 Earthly Paradise, the.35 GENERAL LITERATURE— continued. PAGE Entreticns, Balzac’s .. .. .. .. 513 Elegias of Juan dc Castellanos .. .. 234 E<3tvos, Baron Joseph.128 ■■ ■ ■ , Baron Lordnd, work by the father of.554 Erbcn, M. Karel Jaromir.234 Fable of the Three Rings.348 Father Palencia .. .. ixo Folk-lore and the Talmud .34 Ford the dramatist .348 Fragment, Dramatic, by George Eliot 327 Galicia, history of .. .. 227 -and the Asturias .129 German Literature, Kluge’s .. .. 260 Gcrvinus, critique on.304 Gilbert, the story of .193 Goethe, fragment by .304 Godfrey, Sir E. Berry.193 Gdtzinger, Professor Ernst .. .. .. 348 Gregorius, the Greek patriarch .. .. 370 Gregory’s De Cura Fastorali, King Alfred’s translation of .35 Grillparzer, “the Austrian Schiller” no Guadiana, the banks of the.89 Heller, Robert .280 Heresy, burning for .. .. 412 “ Herv<5 Riel,” Browning’s.152 Hungarian Academy.280 - literature .. .. .. .. 473 -popular poetry.62 Jannet (M. Pierre), death of .. .. 89 Jokai, Maurice, Hungarian novelist 530. 554 Journald’nnVoyageur ,George Sand's 193 Kalevala, the Finnish epic.193 King Arthur, Lord Lytton’s •• ..217 Kirkup, Baron, library of.492 Kisfaludy Society.394 Komensky, biography of.452 Krebs, Dr. •• 280 Lancashire dialect, works in the •. 129 Last Tournament, the.. .. 554 Literary History, Schmidt’s .. .. 304 Leopold of Tuscany, Archduke .. .. 193 Lewes ^ Lyric Poets of Germany .. •. .. 234 Macdonald, Mr. George .554 Maddch’s “ The Tragedy of Man” .. 531 Manycma country', the.109 Manzoni, Alessandro.412 Margaret of Navarre, anecdotes of .. 328 Marseillaise, the .. .. .. .. •• 62 Masson’s Life of Milton .. . • .. 492 “Maticc”. .. 452 MI moires, Hardy’s .. .. •• .. 523 Mendelssohn’s letters ..280 Messianic ideal, the .. .. .. .. 473 Meyr, Melchior .260 Michelngnuolo, essay on .. .. .. 348 Michelangelo, works of.. .. .. .. 513 Michelet, M., illness of.304 Middle class magazine in Dublin .. 152 Mivart’s appeal to Suarez.513 Milton, did lie serve as a soldier .. 328 Mirza Schaffi.35 Molierc, documents referring to.. .. 432 Morris’ poems .109 Mulberry-tree, on the site of a — a sonnet .128 Mythology, philosophy of.354 Nachtwadu-nvon Bonavcntura,, .. 513 Newspapers in Sicility.152 Nicmcewicz, Polish poet .. .. .. 452 North’s Plutarch .452 Novels, recent.552 Oriental literature, discovery in.. .. 370 GENERAL LITERATURE— continued. PAGE ** Orlando Furioso,” Ariosto’s .. .. 234 Pagan customs.531 Paradise, ninth canto of the .. .. 304 Paris, literary events in .226 Petofi, Alexander, poems of.35 Phoenix, the.328 Piccolomini family, the .. 555 Pickier-Muskau, Prince Hermann of.. 228 Pico della Mirandula.491 Poems by Frangepan, discovery of .. 280 Porta, Giovan Battista, works of .. 293 “ Port Royal Miracle,” the.474 Pouschkinc the poet .. •• •• .. 349 Printing, discovery of .. .. .. .. 234 Provencal literature .422 -versification.229 Quickbom, Klaus Grothe’s .. .. .. 348 Renaissance movement on the Upper Rhine .. .. *.260 Revue des deux Mondes .. .. 304, 474 Romanticists at Jena .. .. .. .. 492 Rossetti’s (D. G.) poetical work.. .. 89 Russia, popular literature of .. .. 292 Sacristy, the. 227 Satirical Sonnctteers, Italian .. .. 304 “ Schopenhauer (Arthur) and his Mother ” .. 280 Seasons, the, a poem.209 Sdguier, Jean Francois.260 Sercambi, Italian novelist .. .. .. 394 Servian Literature, Novakovich’s .. 492 Ship of Fools, Brand’s .. .. .. 452 Siege of Paris, losses to science by .. 128 Spiritualism .. .. 522 Strasburg library.. .. 8 -, destruction of.. .. 452 Stuk Stuk Stuk (Turgucniefs) .. .. 109 Sumatra, articles on .513 Swinburne .. .. .. 8, 492 Thackeray, Miss, on Jane Austen .. 394 University Libraries of Germany .. 304 Vanity Fair Album .. .. .. .. 170 Vidal, Pcire, life of.. 280 Vigo, improvement of .. 217 V oc ci, jirni -k rauni n a ..452 Wagner and Makart, diatribe against 394 Witchcraft and magic in Spain .. 89, 209 Wright, Mr. Ichabod Charles .. .. 492 Art and Archaology. Reviews. Caravita’s Codici e le Arti Montecas- sino .. . . 280 Conze’s Primitive Greek Art .. ..270 Crowe and Cavalcasellc’s Painting in North Italy .328 Gortz’s Taman Peninsula .. .. .. 92 Graessc’s Guide de lAmateur <TOb¬ jects if Art et de Curios it I .. •. 394 Ham’s Brazilian Rock Inscriptions 433 Hunter’s Hallamshire .47 Michaelis’ Parthenon .422 Reid’s Catalogue of the Works of George Cruikshank .523 Rctbcrg’9 Diircr's Engravings .. .. 349 Ricgel’s Cornelius .229 Robinson’s (J. C.) Drawings by Michel A ngelo and RaJTacllo in the L mver¬ sify Galleries, Oxford . • • • • • 6 Hotes. Aaringer for Xordisk Oldkyr.dighed og Historic . . /Egean Islands, art of •• •• •• •• 35® Digitized by CjOOQie IV Contents of Vol. II ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY— continued. TAGE Alma Tadcma’s Vintage .237 Altar, Roman, found at Cologne •. 53a Angelico, Fra Giovanni de, at Florence 452 Antiques, Greco-Egypto-Asiatic .. .. 194 Aphrodite, the Melian .. .. .. .. 4x4 Archaeological proceedings in Rome, 91, 1 7 ** 2 34 Arminius monument, the ..331 Artists, British, Society of .. .. 219, 556 Art Union of Vienna, the .. .. .. 331 Berdelle, oval paintings by .. .. .. 434 Berlin Academy of Arts .195 Berlioz, letter by, to Wagner .. .. 434 Bichler’s collection of gems.282 Bliimner, H., on Greek painting .. 415 Bonaventura, engravings by .. .. 263 Botticelli, Mr. Fuller Maitland’s .. 130 Bouterwek, destruction of paintings belonging to .. 238 Boxall, Mr., resignation of.156 Breathing, action of, in antique sculp¬ ture . •• •• • • 92 British Institution, new.194 Brown’s (Mr. F. Madox) pictures .. 310 Burlington Fine Arts Club.309 Bust of the Emperor of Germany .. 238 Busts found at Nurnberg .557 Cabinet Pictures at the French Gallery 514 Canon de Chclly, the .. •• .. .. 92 Castellani, Signor, collection of .» 263, 396 Catacombs, the . • •• •• .« •• 282 -, the Roman..-.134 Cavour monument, the ..282 Christian art at Naples.. 152 Church of S. Clemente at Rome .. 305 -of St. John the Baptist at West Derby .558 Churches, ancient, in Italy, restora¬ tions of ... .. 515 Cima da Conegliano, painting by .. 35 Ciseri, Cavaliere Antonio .311 Clabburn, Mr., portrait of .. *55 Coins, discovery of, at Pricnc .. .. 155 -, Roman, at Holler.282 Colonna Raphael, the.557 Continental Schools, pictures by artists of the .. .. 219 Cornelius, death of.155 Correggio, article on .195 Cranach, Lucas .494 Danish art, history of.415 Dante, the Giotto portrait of .. .. 59 Domenico Fiorentino, essay on .. .. 238 Dresden Madonna, the ... 517 Dudley Gallery Exhibition .. .. 133, 493 Diirer, Albrecht, original portrait of.. 372 ■ ——, portrait sketches by 5x6 .■ — — — -, set of chessmen by.. 532 ■ drawings, the pseudo .. .. 532 — — ■, essay on allegorical plates of 373 Durer's walls, at Nuremberg .. .. 415 Emblems.134 Engravings, Italian, collection of .. 194 Estcrhazy, Prince, gallery of .. *.155 Etchers, French .350 Excavations at Cevetri.61 -at Pompeii.494 -in Rome .531 - - -on Mount Hisarlik .. 533, 558 Exhibition of Old Masters, &C. 90, no, 132 - ■, Old Bond Street Gallery 310, 514 Eyes, treatment of, in ancient statuary 415 Female Artists, Society of.194 Fine Art, SirDigby Wyatt’s lectures on 62 Florence, art-monuments of.331 ————, “improvement” of .. 263, 494 French Artists, Society of.311 Fresco paintings, technic of.533 Frescoes by Griffons and Swerts .. •. 134 ■■ ■ by Masolino and Masaccio .. 112 -, refreshing of colours of .. 558 — ■ , Rethel's .. .. .. .. 173, 238 -, South Italian.373 Fricderichs, Prof. Dr. Karl, death of 532 Furstcnbcrg family, collection of .. 173 Gaetano de Minicis .. .. . •• ..311 ART AND ARCHaEOLOGY- continued. ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY— continued. PAGE Gasser, Hans, memoir of • • ., .. 373 Gazette des Beaux-Arts .475 German Gallery, Bond Street .. •. 556 Giotto Portrait of Dante, the .. .. 59 Greek art, beginning of .. .. .. 350 Grucbcr, Dr., researches by .. .. 494 Gregorio Zavattaro, fresco by .. .. 173 Hay, Mr. R., Egyptian collection of 19 Hay ter, Sir George .X34 “ Heldenperiode,” the.434 Heliographic Process, the. 35 Hess, Peter von .. 238 Holbein .. •• .. .. 372 -controversy, the .492 -exhibition at Dresden .. .. 455 - the Younger ..557 Holbeins, Dresden exhibition of 195, 238 In Memoriam (Robinson) . * •• .. 77 International Exhibition of 1871, 194, 218, 262, 370 Italy, Central, art notes from .. 395, 414 Jiiger, Professor Gustav .238 Jahrbiicherfur Kunstwissenschaft .. 238 Jerichau, Mmc. .. .. *82 Justi, Carl . Knaus, latest work of ... 331 Konewka, Paul, career of.331 Kulmbach, Hans von, discovery of painting by. 433 Labordc, Marquis de, library of .. 533 L*A rte in Italia .396 Last Judgment, the, fresco of .. .. 557 Legros, M. A., pictures by.194 Leonard’s exhibition of pictures.. .. 556 Ligurian Society of National History 331 Maclise’s character-portraits .. ..217 Madonna del Popolo, of Raphael .. 155 Makart, Hans, compositions by .. ..3x1 Manin, sarcophagus of .. 156 Mantuan archives, the..172 Manuscripts, Persian, set of .. .. 112 Mayr, Heinrich von .238 Marches, the, ancient monuments in .. 194 Marr, Heinrich, notice of .. .. .. 533 Masterpiece, the uncatalogued .. .. 532 Mausoleum of Halikarnassos, the .. 195 Mengs, Raphael .476 Millais, Mr., pictures by .. .. .. 61 Minardi, Tommaso, death of .. .. X94 Miniatures by Jean Cousin.516 Monument to Cosmo the Elder .. .. 558 Monuments at Athens .. . • .. .. 155 Munich, art exhibition at.434 Munro, Alexander.112 Museum, National, at Naples .. .. 557 -, South Kensington, additions to. 154 . 555 National Gallery.. .. .. 237 -■, pictures bought by.. 155 Ogham Inscriptions, the .. .. .. 92 Opera House, new, at Dresden .. «. 112 “ Pace ” and a “ Flight in Egypt ” .. 373 Painters In Water Colours, Institute of 310 ■ ■■ ■ ——, Society of 336, 555 Paintings burnt at Strasburg .. .. 134 Paris, siege of, destruction of works of art. 494 Parthenon Friezes, the ..6x Peel collection of pictures.193 -, Sir Robert, taste of.237 Pellas, reproductions of sculpture by 350 Photography, new process of .. .. 93 Pictures, certain claims of Prussians and Bavarians to. .. •• 155 ■ discovery of.. •• X12 -, hanging of, at Berlin Exhi¬ bition .155 Pisano, Niccola, style of .373 Portfolio , the.173 Print collection, Roy. Mus. Berlin .. 516 Raphael, early work of.517 Reapers, Mr. Mason’s picture of .. 194 Kcclus, M. Elisee.55S Rcgnault, Henri. in Relic of antiquity.494 R evue archlologique .. .. .. .. 494 TAGB Rock, Dr.557 Rome, celebration of foundation of .. 263 Royal Academy Exhibition 261, 281, 308 San Marco, Convent of.45a Schnaase’s history of art .. .. .. 331 Schnorr von Carolsfcld.238 Schcipfer, designs by.. .. 350 Schwind, Moritz von .155, 350 Sepulchral chambers near Corncto .. 282 Soddoma, the Sienese painter .. .. 350 South Kensington, new buildings at 372 , 395 Spanish archzeology and history. • .. 156 “ Staffa Madonna,” the .. .. .. 263 Statues in the Cathedral of St. Denis 155 Stolen picture by Raphael, recovery of 155 “Stregozzo,” Italian engraving .. .. 173 Takht-i-Bahi, sculptures at.. «. .. 332 Temple of Diana, discovery of .. .. 370 Terburg’s “ Congress of Munster ” .. 533 Titian and Pordcnone, feud between 311 Vases, ancient.282 -found at Capua.350 Ventnor Hospital, exhibition for .. 34 Venus of Milo, the.433 > Vienna University, designs for new .. 533 Virgilia, figure of.112 Wall-painting, Flemish.494 Warwick castle, fire at. 557 Wells, sepulchral, near Reggio .. .. 311 Whewell, Dr., statue of .. Music. Reviews. Ellerton’s Trio en Sol Majeur .. .. 195 1 Handel, G. F., Works of .474 Mendel’s Musikalisches Conversations- Lexicon .. ... .. 415 Proskc’s Musica Divina ..112 Purcell’s Dido and Asncas .156 Sallabcrry’s Chants , pofulaires du Pays-Bas .264 Van Maldeghcm’s Belgian Musical Thesaurus .. ,. .. 373 Wagner’s Beethoven .. 173 - Destination of'the Opera .. 350 Wasielcwski's (von) Robert Schumann 495 Notes. Alhambra concerts.220 Alwyn’s Mass.. .. 313 Auber’s operas.558 Bach’s Passionsmusik .158 Barnby’s (Mr.) band and chorus .. 266 Barnett’s Paradise and the Peri .. 158 Bennett, Professor Stcrndale .. .. 196 Brahin’s Concerto .. .. 158 -, ** Requiem "of .374 Charity Children of St. Paul’s .. .. 313 Chopin’s Concerto.240 Cimarosa’s II Matrimonio Scgrcto .. 157 Comtfdic Franchise, la.351 Concerts at the Crystal Palace .. 158, 495 Diircr’s Life, drama on.283 “ Fidclio”. 265 “Function,” the, at Westminster Abbey.220 Haideschacht, dcr, a new opera.. .. 135 Halid, Mr. Charles .475 Handel Festival, the .. .. .. .. 332 Hiller, Dr. Ferdinand .. .. .. .. 196 International Exhibition, Music at the 266 “ International Mozart-Institute ” .. 266 Italian opera houses .. •• .. .. 313 Judith, Duplexes new opera .. .. .. 135 Libretto of Wagner’s Dcr Fliegende Hollander .416 Liszt’s Concerto in E b .. .. •. .. 282 I -Symphony in C. 283 Mario, Signor.374 Musical theory and criticism .. .. 157 Music in January .. .. .. .. .. 1x4 Opera, Her Majesty’s.240 MU SIC— continued. l’AGE Pamphlets on Music, by Wagner .. 241 Pedalier pianoforte. 558 Potter, Mr. Cipriani .. 475 Royal Academy of Music, concert .. 374 -Albert Hall, the.196, 240 -, great organ in .. 374 Schubert's Symphony in C.240 Schumann, Robert, unpublished let¬ ters of.93, 134, 238, 31 x Stabat Mater, the.220 “ Stammbuch,” a newly discovered .. 135 Tausig, Carl.374 Thalbcrg, Sigismund.266 Volsunga Saga, the .. .. .. .. 332 Wagner’s Letter to a French Friend 135 — < ■- Lohengrin .241, 313 ■■ ■■ works, new edition of .. .. 434 Theology. Reviews. Biedermann’s Christian Dogma 517, 534 Chcync’s Hebrew Text of Isaiah .. 137 - Book of Isaiah chronologic¬ ally arranged .175 Crowfoot’s Fragmenta Evangelica .. 63 Gratz’ Ecclesiastes . .. 476 Hanson’s Jesus of History .. .. 221, 241 Hilgcnfeld’s Messias Judaeorum .. 64 Kcim’s History of Jesus .. ••332,352 Kiiper’s The Prophecy of the Old Coi’cnant .36 Lagardc’s Onomastica Sacra . • .. 285 Leathes’ Witness of St. John to Christ .283 Lipsius’ Chronology of the Early Roman Bishops •• .. ..434 Olshausen’s Criticisms on the Text of Genesis . 396 Orr’s Authenticity of John's Gospel .. 283 Plumptre’s Biblical Studies .. •• 36 Pusey’s Minor Prophets .437 Riess (Florian) and Weber’s (Karl von) Voices from Maria-Laach 1x5, 136 Ritschl’s History of the Doctrine of Justification and the Atonement .. 334 Stoughton’s Ecclesiastical History of England . •• •• 10 Tayler’s The Fourth Gospel . • .. 9 Thayer and Moulton’s Translations _ of Winer s New Testament Gram¬ mar .. 35 Contents of the Journals. Archiv fur wissensch. Erforsch. des Altcn Test. 117; British Quarterly, 117 ; Con- temp. Rev. 138, 354, 519 ; Continental Review’s of English Books, 117; Corn- hill Mag. 354 ; De Gids, 536 ; Geiger’s Jiidische Zeitschrift, 37, 285; Getting, gel. Anzcigen, 11, 223, 335, 355, 398; Im Ncuen Reich, 285 ; Jahrbiicher fur dcutsche Theologie, 117, 335; Journal of Philology, 285; Litcrar. Ccntral- blatt, 38, 66, 223, 335 ; Monatschrift f. Gcsch. u. Wissensch. des Judcnthums, 354; North Amer. Rev. 138; Thcolog. Literaturblatt, 11, 66, 223, 285, 335, 354; Theol. Quartalschrift, 398 ; Thco¬ log. Review, 117, 223, 354; Thcolog. Studicn und Kritikcn, 38, 138, 285; Theolog. Tijdschrift, 10, 66, 138, 223, 39S> 536; Trans, of the Saxon Ge- sellsch. der Wissench. 335; Zeitsch. fur wissensch. Theologie, 37, 138, 285, 438, 536 . Selected Articles. On history of religion: 1. Chri?.tianity, 177. 2. Buddhism, 478. On mythology, 38. On New Test, criticisms, 177 (2), 478 (4). Digitized by Google Contents of Vol. II v T H EOLOGY— continued. TAGE On Old Test, criticism, xx, 177 (3). Miscellaneous, xx (2), 478 (3). Notes. Aldus, polyglott projected by .. .. 65 Biblical literature.335 Delitzsch’s Commentary on the He¬ brews .519 Epistle to the Hebrews, M'Caul’s .. 5x9 Evil, Froschammer on the origin of .. 398 " Gospel of Nicodcmus,” the .. .. 398 Isaiah, some emendations in .... 65 Jerusalem, Recovery oj, Wilson and Warren's .xi6 Judaism, Dr. Geiger’s lectures on .. 354 Liebner, Dr.478 Luke iv. 44, various readings in .. .. 325 Luther's Bible, version of ..398 Martensen, Bp., work by.478 Masorah, Dr. Ginsburg's.65 M'Gill, Professor.223 Moabite inscription, the .438 New Testament, works on.36 -- Syriac version of .. 438 Notes on Dr. R. Williams, Dr. Ewald, Bishop Colenso, and the Speakers Commentary .535 Paradise, the site of.10 Peshito, origin and authorship of the 478 Psalm lxxxviii., Hebrew text of.. .. 223 Society of Biblical Ardueology .. 116, 438 St. Mark, last 12 verses of.518 Theology, honour-examination for, at Oxford.37 Tobit, Greek text of .65 Tregellcs’Greek Testament .. .. 10 Wcstcott, Rev. B. P.37 Zingcrle, Father Pius, works by.. .. 478 Science and Philosophy. Reviews. Adams’ Notes 0/a Naturalist .. .. 336 Amoidt’s R'anfs Transcendental Ide¬ ality 0/ Space and 'Time .67 Beale's Life Theories .481 Bernstein's Serve and Muscle .. .. 418 Blanford's Geology and Zoology of Abyssinia .66 Bloxam’s Metals: their Properties and Treatment .. 374 Cooke’s Chemical Philosophy .. .. 374 Croll’s Ocean Currents .40 Crookes’ Chemical Analysis .. ..455 Darwin’s Descent of Man . 177 Fischer’s Anti-Trendelenburg ., .. 67 FrankLand’s Lecture Notes for Che¬ mical Students .374 God man’s Natural History of the Azores ...26 6 Goodwin’s Plutarch's Morals .. .. 498 Gorup- Besancz’ Lehr buck der Chemie 438 ■ Qual. u. quant, zoo- chentiuh. Analyse .438 Grute’s Examination of the Utilita¬ rian Philosophy .. .. .. 197 Hartt’s Scientific Results of a Jour¬ ney in Brazil .95 Hodgson's Theory of Practice .. .. 160 Huxley’s Lay Sermons, Addresses , and Reviews .. .. 12 Jo--* ett’s Dialogues of Plato .. 223, 243 Kirby’s Synonymic Catalogue of Di¬ urnal I.epidof tera .. .. .. .. 538 Ko*aJcwski's Embryology of Vermes and Arthropoda .496 Krempelhubcr’s Lichenology .. .. 267 Leroy's Intelligence and Perfectibility of Animals .. .. .. 198 Lewes* Hist, of Philosophy.. .. .. 519 Lubbock's Prehistoric Times and The Origin of Civilization .. .. 11, 38 Maguire’s Essays on the Platonic Ethics .. .441 Markham’s Indian Surv eys .. 478 SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY— continued. PAGE Meyer’s R’anfs Psychology .417 - Straits of the Baltic .. .. 536 Miller’s Inorganic Chemistry .. .. 374 Muller’s Observations made in the Pathological Institute of Jena .. 398 Onckcn’s Politics of Aristotle .. .. 336 Otto’s Ausmittelung der Gifte .. .. 438 Peschel’s Comparative Geography .. 286 Peterinann’s The Gulf Stream .. .. 40 R e/ort of the Coal Commission .. .. 521 Storer’s Quantitative Chemical Ana¬ lysis .. ...455 Thompson’s Gorgias of Plato .« . • 355 Trendelenburg’s Kuno Fischer's In¬ terpretation of Kant .67 Tylor’s Researches into the Early History of Mankind . xx, 38 Tyndall’s On the Scientific Use of the Imagination .12 Valentin’s Practical Chemistry .. .. 455 Wallace’s Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection .. .. .. 138, 159 Watson and Kaye’s People of India .. 314 Williamson's Journeys in North China .337 Contents of the Journals. Contemp. Rev. 359; Edinburgh Rev. 379; Fortnightly Rev. 359; Journ. of Anthrop. Inst, of Gt. Brit, and Ircl. 379; Philosophischc Monatshefte, 379; Quar¬ terly Rev. 379; Zeitschrift fur Philoso¬ phic, 339, 379. Notes. Absorption of insoluble substances .. 442 -- spectra, method of exhibit¬ ing . 523 Acetone, conversion of, into lactic acid 502 Acid, oxalic, decomposition of .. .. 121 Aeroconi scope, the ..140 Acrolitic shower .71 Alcoholic hydrogen chloride, action of cyanogen on...289 Alcohol, aqueous, congelation of ..561 Alcohols, a new class of .162 - - normal, of the ethylic series 443 Alkaline salts, physiological action of 500 Amalgams of potassium and sodium .. 459 Amazon, glacial origin of valley of .. 70 Amazonian glacier, hypothesis of .. 420 Amygdaline in Vicia saliva.501 Analytical chemistry, neglect of.. ..419 Animal life, action or fresh and wd*— - water on .. ..*. 377 Ape resemblances to man .. .. .. 247 Aphasia .183 Aphides, colouring matter of .. ..481 Appcndicularue .357 Arachnide, new, in the coal-measures 458 Arctic expedition, American .. .. 227 -regions, the.. 458 - voyage, Payer and Wey- prccht’s, of 187X. 559 Arsenic in sulphuretted hydrogen .. 402 Atomic weights of nickel and cobalt.. 541 Aurora, spectrum of the .. .. 44,184 -, the, and earth currents .. .. 44 Australian vertebrates .. .. .. .. 357 Avogadro’s law . 44 Bacteria, relations of, to Penicillium glaucum .. .. 268 Balloons, the Paris.. .. .. x6x Barents, discovery of winter quarters of. 559 Barometer tubes, method of filling .. 561 Bathybius.43 -, freshwater.288 Bats, the wing of. .. 97 -, fossil .. .... 420 Bears, British .. .. 358 Beetles in wasps’ nests.. .. 14 Benzoylparasulphotoluolamidc, action of chloride of phosphorus on .. .. 359 Bird, change in the habits of a .. .. 522 Blood, circulation of .70 SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY— continued. PAGE Blood, spectrum method of detecting 401 -corpuscles, red, cellular struc¬ ture of.378 -- - , size of .. .. 539 ■ — ■ , white, migration of 119 -crystals, new .sox Eog-mosses, structure of .378 Bone-cave, an American .. .. .. 228 Brachiopoda, development of .. .. 560 Brain, anatomy of.538 -, connective tissue of . • .. .. 15 ——, histology of.. .. 14 Bromine, employment of, in analysis 247 Bud varieties.i6x Calcination of metallic oxides .. .. 443 Calorimetry, new method of .... 45 Cambium layer of bark.561 Capsules, reproductive.. .. 268 Carmine. 358 Ccollpa .. .. 44 Cells, migration of.. .. 70 Ccratodus Forsteri.200 Chemical nomenclature .338 China . .. 499 Chloral, conversion of, into aldehyde 338 Chlorine, action of light on .. .. .. 523 Chloroform, nitration of .. .. .. 459 Cholera, supposed fungoid origin of .. 228 Ciliary movement ...140 Cinchona, the, in Jamaica and United States. 378 — ■ , in India.378 - ■■■■ bark, a new alkaloid in .. 247 Coal, constitution of .. .. .. .. 420 Cold, effects of, upon the strength of iron . .. 229 Colouring matters, new class of .. .. 359 Composita:, fertilisation of .. .. .. 44 Conine, synthesis of .. .. •• .. 121 Consciousness and the scat of sensation 119 Coral of pakeozoic type .43 -of the Chalk Sea.358 Corals, new .. .. .. .. .. .. 246 Cornea, lymph-spaces of the .. ..184 -, structure of .43 -- , termination of the nerves in .. 500 Cretaceous epoch, duration of .. .. 43 Crinoid, an extraordinary .. •• .. 539 -, an interesting.560 Crinoids.3x6 Crustacea, new tertiary .501 Crustacean, new phyllopodous .. • • 523 Cryptogams, fossil.482 Crystallization of oxide of cadmium .. 443 Crystals of tti:mfCTrctet ':7 ~T. T 7 33S' Cuba, stone implements in.269 Cyanogen, action of, on alcoholic hy¬ drogen chloride.289 Darwinian controversy, the.200 -literature, German . • .. 288 -— theory, the.247 Darwinism .459, 560 Dccp-sca explorations .. .. .. .. 402 •' sponge, a new silicious .. 42 De Morgan, Prof. .. .. .. .. .. 199 -memorial.. .. 380 Deodorizing material, a new .. .. 141 Diamond, occurrence of, in xaniho- phy llite.338 Diamonds at the Cape .. .. .. .. 120 Diaphoritc . .. 35 Digestion, researches on .15 Diseases, geographical distribution of 98 Disulphide, solid carbon .200 Dogs, effect of alcohol on .. .. .. 501 Dredging.442 -expedition off Spain and Portugal .. 40X Dulcite, artificial formation of.. .. 442 Ear, structure of the internal .. .. 70 -fungi, parasitic .. .. .. 161 Eclipse expeditions, American and English. 117 -, the, Father Secchi on .. .. 118 Electricity, is it produced by the living human body? .x6x -, statical, discharge of .. 98 SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY— continued. PAGE Electrodes in a battery. .. 483 Embryonic tissues, electromotor pro¬ perties of .442 Embryo salmon, facial arches of *.523 Eozoon Canadensc. .120 Excavations at Portsmouth.120 Expeditions by Russian Gcog. Soc. .. 442 Extract of meat, physiological action of 500 Eyes, movements of .228 Faunas of the Red Sea and Mediter¬ ranean .. .... 141 Fecundation, period of, in plants .. 482 Feu lorrain, nouveau .. 459 Filtering apparatus on Bunsen’s prin¬ ciple .379 Fish, new fossil . 501 -, respiration of.538 Flame, the theory of.. .. 229 Flowers, closed self-fertilised .. . • 561 Fluoride of silver.. .. 201 Foliage, autumnal, colours of .. .. 120 Foraminifera, cretaceous .539 -, nomenclature of .. •. 482 Forests, destruction of.i6r -, Spanish ... 201 Fossil Birds, Reptiles, and Batrachia of America.. .. 141 -Crustacea, classification of .. 539 -, new British .. .. 539 Fossils, new .. .. .. .. .. 420 Freezing of water.483 Frcieslebenite and diaphorite . • ,. 358 Fruit, classification of. 442 Fumariacea;, fertilisation of.161 Fungus-foot, the Madras .. .. .. 442 Fur-seals, habits of... .. 97 Galvanic battery, some forms of.. .. 317 Gases and vapours, dispersive powers of 16 -occluded by coal.. • • 459 -, two specific heats of.. Gastric juice, the acid of .. .. .. 338 Generation, spontaneous .402 Geographical explorations .. .. .. 140 Geological collection of N. T. Wcthe- rcll. Esq.459 Geology, South African .70 Glacial beds, sequence of the .. .. 458 -. epoch at the equator .. .. 539 -phenomena, recurrence of . • 539 Glaciers, actual, discovery of .. .. 287 Glands of the stomach, structure of .. 98 Glowworm, phosphoric properties of.. 522 Glutton, discovery of remains of, in England . 228 Graft-hybridization .. 289 Greenland, East . .. 287 . , interior of.499 Grcgarinse, development of the .. . • 357 Guanidine. . Guanidines, substitute.247 Guinea-pigs, epileptic.15 Gulf Stream, the ...69 -, Crustacea of ..228 Gun-cotton .. .. 247 Hmmatozoa .. 482 Heart, development of..X5 — - poisons, action of .. .. .. 378 Heat, cooling and conduction of, in gases .230 influence of, on animals .. 441, 458 -, influence of a roughened surface on the emission of .. .. 16 ——, mechanical equivalent of.. .. 44 Human increase, physiological laws of 97 Hydrocarbons of the marsh gas series 289 H ydrogenium amalgam •. ., .. 402 Iceland, crag-formation of.458 Indigo, synthesis of .71 Indigotine. .. 338 Indium, preparation of.358 Infusoria, new flagellate .. • • •• 560 In Memoriam (Dear).. Ipecacuanha in India. 3 78 Iron, galvanically deposited .. .. 229 -.separation of nickel and cobalt from 418 -rust, composition of • • • • • • xS4 Digitized by Google VI Contents of Vol. II SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY— continued. PAGE Isotrimorphism of oxides .71 Kara Sea, the.199 King-crabs, embryology of.42 Kingfishers . ... Kulnie, Dr. Wilhelm.162 Lamcllibranchiata, the British fossil.. 357 Lead, alloy of, with platinum .. .. 338 Lcidcnfrost’s phenomenon.378 Life, the origin of.402 Light, optical and chemical absorption of.3>7 -, velocity of.337 Lime, hydrated carbonate of .. .. 502 —, substitute for, in the lime-light 247 SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY— continued. PAGE Ozone, development of, by electrolysis 121 Pachypodous reptile, a.539 Palestine, flora of.378 Pancreatic secretion, physiology of .. 43 Pangencsis .. .. .. 269 Parasitism of Cuscuta .. 442 Parthenogenesis in the pupa state of insects.14 Passiflorcac, structure and affinities of 71 Pcloria in Labiatx.. .. 378 Peristaltic movements.184 Peroxides, metallic, prepared by elec¬ trolysis . .. .. 72 Phenyl group, melhylation of, in ani- SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY— continued. PAGE Taste, origin of, in the tadpole .. .. 15 Temperature of the British Isles .. 227 -, influence of, on the mus¬ cular electric current.316 Tercbratulid, new form of .. .. .. 141 Thallium .. 289 Thermal springs in Cambridgeshire .. 120 Tollvlcne-glycol .44 Trilobites, organization of.288 Ucbcrweg, Friedrich .460 Urea, relations of, to exercise .. .. 378 Uric acid derivatives, synthesis of .. 442 Vanadium, metallic .. .. .. 72 Vapour, aqueous, condensation of .. 269 Liquids, non-mi>cible, ebullition of . 72 line.. . Phosphorescence, cause of . Pilot-fish, mode of life of . 540 -, transpiration of, by Lofodcn Islands . • 539 . 97 Vapours, saturated, tension of .. .. 98 Ltimbricid, remarkable. . 560 Pitcher-plants, fluid of.. . 44 Vegetable fossils, supposed .. .. .. 358 Madness in a horse . . 401 Plants, leaves of. . 15 Vertebrate remains from the New- Magnetic spectra, the. • 3*7 1 -, self-fertilisation and cross-fcr- casdc coal-field. 141 Magnolia, stipules of. . 120 tilisation of .. .16 Vibration, attraction and repulsion Mammalia, po^t-plioccnc . • ,. • 3 i 7 -, selective affinity of . 5 *i caused by.. ,, 45 *5 5<5i 162 70 402 121 459 540 162 501 540 501 443 522 443 268 — ' 1 -—, tactile hairs of. Mammals, fossil, from the secondary rocks .. Mammoth in Belgium.. Man, contemporaneity of, with extinct mammalia .. .. .. .. .. .. 500 Mandalay and Bhamo.246 Mansel, Dean. .. 400 Marsupial, new fossil .. .. .. .. 70 Mcllitic acid, synthesis of.540 Mclolonthinc.. .. 541 Melting points, apparatus for deter¬ mining . Mercury sulphide, amorphous .. .. Meteorite, fossil . — . , the Brcitcnhach .. .. 200, 459 ■ , the Franklin .289 -, the Goal para .. .. .. -, the, of Lodran. ~ - , the Scarsmont. — --, the Shergotty . -, the Stewart County .. Meteoric graphite. — - iron from Greenland .. .. “ from Virginia. Meteorological phenomena, influence of the moon on .. Microzoic disease. Mimicry in plants. 9 .. Mind, physiology of, in the lower ani¬ mals . Mohr’s South African journey .. 227 Mole, snout of.481 Molluscs, sensory epithelium of.. .. 268 Monocotyledon, the univcr>al type of .. Moral ideas, nature and origin of 183 Morals and moral sentiments .. .. 227 Mouse, external car of.482 Muscle, transverse striation of .. .. 229 Museum, British, geological depart¬ ment of.283 -, zoological collection °f .. 269 Mycrozymcs in water.500 Nerve and muscle, excitation of, by electricity .184 Nerves of the blood-vessels.356 -of the wings of bats .. 357 Nervous irritation induced by electri¬ city. 268 Nickel, separation of, from copper .. 540 Nile, water of the.44 Nitrogen, connection of muscular la¬ bour with elimination of.43 Nitroglycerine. . Nitrous acid, test for.302 Numerical discrimination, power of .. 141 Ocean currents .. .. 500 Odours and their action on the health 228 Olivin from the Pallas mcteoritic iron 419 “ Open Polar Sea,” the alleged .. .. 538 Orthagoriscus, anatomy of.560 Ostrich, geographical distribution of.. 228 Oxygen, ozone, and anto/one .. .. 16 Platinum compounds, new class of .. 540 Plesiosaurian reptile, new.501 Pliocene mammalia of the Thames valley.288 Poisoning, cases of suspected .. .. 560 Polar Sea, the open .499 Porcupine expedition in the Mediter¬ ranean .246 Pressure, atmospheric, exposure to .. 140 --, influence of wind on •• .. 121 Prism, effect of temperature on .. .. 523 Projection, linear .. .. 268 Prototaxites Logani .316 Puchcritc.540 Pulmonibranch, marine.559 Radiolaria, development of. 482 Refining cast iron, Henderson’s pro¬ cess.. .. 141 Rotifers, new.482 Salamander, new gigantic.482 Scales of Lcpidoptera.317 Schweiggcr-Seidel, Prof. .460 Schweinfurth’s journeys in Central Africa ..95 Sea-grasses, geographical distribution of. 338 Sea-water of the coast of Sweden .. 501 Sea-weed, colossal fossil .16 Sccchi, Father, on the eclipse .. .. 118 Selection, natural, theory of • • .. 120 Sensation, seat of.119 Sensitive plant, influence of green light on.523 Sericulture .522 Shell heaps in New Brunswick .. .. 228 Shells, tertiary, of the Amazon valley 141 Sivatherium, affinities of.501 Skin of the frog, gland cells of .. .. 229 Skull measurements .288 Solar protuberances, the .523 Soundings, deep-sea . .. 121 Spectra of some of the elements.. .. 483 Spitzbergen .287 Spleen, nature of the .. 184 Sponge, new. 420 Sponges, affinities of the .357 1 -, fossil.317 Squamipinnatc fishes.523 j Stars, a novel way of studying the .. 16 ! Steel and iron, influence of intense j cold on. 141 j Steel process, Henderson’s patent .. 72 • Stomach, mucous glands of.228 j Stone age, men of the.358 Sucking-fish, mode of life of .... 97 , Sugar a normal constituent of wine .. 121 I Sugars, classification of .x 6 Sulphur, amorphous .162 1 Sun, new method of observing the .. 378 Swinging, effects of, on temperature of the body.500 Tactile sensibility. .. .. 71 Tadpole’s tail, nerve-endings in .. .« 228 | Tangent-galvanometers, co-efficient of reduction for .72 , 522 Vine disease Vision, velocity of.. Vocable sounds *.227 Volcanoes.419 Vowel-sounds, nature of .72 Water from Nova Scotian coal-mea¬ sures .289 Water-hammer, phenomena observed with ..162 Webstcrite.. Well, a remarkable .358 Wolves, British 358 Zoophytes, new British.420 History. Reviews. Bachofcn’s The Story 0/ Coriolattus 45 Bahr’s Hist. 0/ Roman Literature .. 380 Baillic's Digest 0/ Moohummudan Tow .318 Bcrnhardy’s Roman Literature .. 380 Bruns’ Pontes Juris Romani Antiqui 541 Burn’s Rome and the Campagna .. 201 Burton’s History 0/ Scotland .. .. 99 Camarda’s Le Storie di Tucidide .. 272 Campana de Cavclli’s Les demiers Stuarts . 502 Christie’s Life of Anthony Ashley Cooper *.420 Church’s Saint Anselm .48 Davies’ Peter P. J. Quint Ondaatje 542 Dowson’s History of India .483 Freeman’s Historical Essays .. ..541 Gatty’s Hallamshirc . 47 Gilbert’s Historic and Municipal Documents of Ireland ..164 Goeje’s Bibliotheca geographorum arabicorum .460 Gohlert’s Henry V r IIJ. and the “ Pastern Question ” 45 Hefelc’s Hist, of the (Ecumenical Councils .. 270 Hoffer’s Anna von Luxemburg and Avignon Popes .504 Hiibncr’s J^iterary Hist, of Rome .. 380 Jackson’s Diary of Abraluxm de la Pry me .403 Kohler’s Athenian Confederation of Delos .. 563 Koppmann’s ** Recesses’* and other Documents of the It ansa .339 Land’s Zachariac Ppiscopi Mitylenes 292 Lea’s Superstition and Force .. .. 73 M ah a fly’s Prolegomena to Ancient History .564 Maine’s Pillage Communities .. .. 248 Markham’s Life of the great Lord Fairfax .18 Milman's Savonarola, Erasmus, and other Essays .203 Oppcrt’s Prestcr John .122 HISTO R Y — continued. PAGE Parker’s Early Hist, of Oxford .. 402 Paton’s History of the Egyptian Re¬ volution . jj Peter's Historicorum Romanorum Relliquiae .•.142 Pocock’s Records of the Reformation 289 Reumont’s Hist, of the City of Rome 143 Spcdding’s Francis Bacon .75 Squicr’s Primeval Monuments of Peru .291 Stubbs’ Select Charters , &*c. of Eng. Constitutional Hist .163 SzilAgyi’s Insurrection of Httra.. .. 462 Teuffel’s Hist, of Roman Literature 380 Thomas’ Chronicles of the Patfu'in Kings of Delhi .. .. .. 3S3 Topin’s The Man with the Iron Mask 19 Waitz’s Sources of Herman History .. 74 Watson’s Cicero .142 Wattcnbach’s Medieval Manuscripts 319 Wratislaw’s Diary of an Embassy .. 503 Yule’s Marco Polo .. .. .. .. .. 422 Zambrini's 1 vuiggi di Gio. da Man- davilla .27 r Zoepffcl's Ceremonies of the Papal Elections .561 Contents of the Journals. Allgem. Zeitung, 207, 250, 272, 320; Ar- chivio Storico Italiano, 48; Bullettino dell’ Inst, di Corrisp. archcol. 145, 207, 250, 505, 544 ; Fraser’s Mag. 272; Gaz- zetta Uffizialc, 207, 341 ; Gotting. gc- lehrtc Anz. 77, 165, 207, 250, 272, 320^ 385, 485, 505, 544, 565; Historisches Taschenbuch, 320; Historische Zcit- schrift, 341, 424 ; Literarisches Central- blatt, 49, 77, 207, 250, 272, 294, 320, 34 *t 385, 485. 505 . 544 * 565; Im Ncuea Reich, 250, 404 ; Nuova Antologia, 145, 165, 294; Preussische Jahrbuchcr, 294 ; Revue Archcol. 320, 505 ; Rev. dcs Deux Mondes, 505, 543, 564 ; Rev. des Quest, histor. 544, 564 ; Studicn u. Kritiken, 404; Theolog. Literaturblatt, 485, 505, 543 ; Von Sybel’s historische Zcitschrift, 19, 77, 144, 543 ; West¬ minster Review, 144. Notes. Africa, Central.. 424 Ara, Roman.341 Aryan Civilisation, Barker’s .. .. 250 Assurbanipal, history of .463 Bergcnroth, Cartwright’s .207 Bray’s (Mrs.) Revolt ii the Cevennes 77 Comunidades, proposed history of the 144 Fasti of the Latin Festival .. .. .. 100 Pontes Rerum Bohemicarum .. 463 Gazzctta UJJiziale, the.. .. 207 German Historical Commission .. .. 76 Grote, Mr.. .. .. 340 Hansc towns, the. 384 Historical MSS. Commission .. 204, 463 - Society, the.384 Italian MSS. in Munich Library .. 250 Jewish existence in the middle ages .. 564 Kerry, Miss Cusack's hist, of .. .. 206 Lett res assyriologiques .543 Liturgy, the, in Ireland .250 Lough-Key, annals of.165 Maine’s Prof.) course of lectures .. 76 Mommsen’s Romisches Staatsrecht .. 564 Moriscos, the, in Spain.207 Peter’s Historicorum R oma norum Relliquiae .. . • 207 Pierre du Bois.206 Trcstcr John, Oppcrt’s theory about 206 Spanish civil law. .. ,. 207 - national archives .206 Stuart monument, the, at St. Peter’s, Rome.543 Sztaray family, archives of. 564 Tzar Douchay, code of.384 University of Cracow, the.207 Digitized by LxOOQie Contents of Vol. II, Vll Philology. Reviews. Abbott’s ;E. A.) Shakespearian Gram¬ mar .. —- - (Evelyn) CUrdus' Elucida¬ tions of the Student's Greek Gram¬ mar .X24 AnJwurdt’s Divans of the Six Ancient Arabic Poets .. .. .. 79 A<-grimsson’s Lilja .297 Haitian's Comparative Philology .. 405 Mass’ Greek Pronunciation .322 Browne's Milton's Poems .. . • .. 342 Bruining's Contribution to a Know¬ ledge of the Vetidnta. .425 Borsian’s Erophile .. .. 167 Chihac's Dictionnaire d’Etymologic daco-romane .446 Church and Brodribb’s Select Letters of Pliny the Younger .486 Clyde’s Greek Syntax ...82 Con-sen's Pronunciation , Vocalism, and Accentuation of Latin .. 81, 361 Deeckc’s German Names of Affinity 167 Dindorf’s dementis Alexandriui Opera .25 Dicz’s Grammar of the Romance Languages; and Etymol. Diet, of the Romance Langutiges .359 Earle’s Philology of the English Tongue ...505 Ellis' Early English Pronunciation 294, 320 Eu-aid’s Historical Succession of the Semitic Langutiges .272 Field's Hexafla .. .. .. .. .. 50 Gerland’s Mythology of the Odyssey.. 22 Giu's Notices of the fezes by the Clas¬ sical Writers of Antiquity .. .. 405 Haag's Essay on the Pahlavt Lan¬ guage .. .. :.. Hauthal’s Cafonts Philosophi Liber.. 321 He it/'s Fragment a Aristotelis ., .. 82 ife> tic's Grammar of the Old Ger¬ man Dialects .487 Jebb’s The Characters of Theo¬ phrastus . .. 52 JuJien’s Syntaxe nouvelle de la Lan- gue chinoise .100 Kcil’s Plinfs Letters .. .. .. .. 147 Kirchhoff’s The Structure of the Odyssey .. . .. .. 22 Levy's Phoenician Studies .. .. .. 146 Loth's Anglo-Saxon and English Grammar ... .. .. 34a Mai Iran's Wrede's Travels in Arabia 78 March’s Anglo-Saxon Grammar .. 26 Mar ette's Les Papyrus egyptiens du Music de Doulag ; and Inscriptions in the Hieratic and Demotic Cha¬ racter . .. .. 385 Merkel's Aeschyli Persae and Italian MSS. of Aeschylus .83 Miller’s Melanges de Literature grecque .273 Mitra's Node is of Sanskrit MSS. .. 274 Moebnuiri Mac Ceilechair’s Leabhar na h -L’idhri .232 Norris’ Assy ruin Dictionary .. .. 49 Paspatis ftudes tur les Tchinghian/s 296 Pcrny’s Dictionnaire de la Langue mandarine .xoo Pitblu School Latin Grammar, the.. 464 PHI LOLOGY— continued. PACK Ritschl's T. Macci Plauti Comoediae 406 Sathas’ Hist, of the Mod. Greek Lan- ;. 544 1 Schanz’s Novae Commentaiiones Pla- tonicae .. ... . • .. 526 Schneider’s Callimachea .546 Smith's Hist, of Assur-bani-pal.. .. 525 Sophocles’ Greek Lexicon of the Roman and Byzantine Periods .. 426 Sprenger and Agh& Ahmad Ali’s Sikandar - ndmah - ( Bafyrl of Nizami .. .. .. •. 165 Steinthal's Homer and the Odyssey .. 22 Studemund’s The Fragments of Plau¬ tus' Vidularia .54 Thomsen’s Influence of the Germanic Languages on those of Finland and Lapland . .. .. 54 Trans, of the Amer. Philol. Assoc. .. 465 Vermchrcn's Studies on Plato ., .. 102 Wattenbach’s Introduction to Latin Paleography.. .. 485 Wright's A rabic Reading-Book .. .. 50 — - Catalogue of Syrian MSS. 424 Wustcnfeld’s Ydkiifs Geographical Dictionary .524 1 Zangcmcister’s Inscriptions Parte- | tariae Pompeianae Herculanenscs I Stabianae . ..443 Selected Articles. On Arabic philology, 212. On Buddhistic literature, 80, 168, 407. On comparative grammar, 22. On Etruscan philology, 256 (2). On glottology, 22. On Greek art, 22. On Indian literature, 80, 104, 212. On Indian philology, 212, 568 (3'. On Mohammedan history, 104. On Persian grammar, 22 On Rabbinic etymology, 80, 104. On Rhaeto-Roman literature, 22. On Spanish etymology, 168. On the Aztec language, 22. On the science of language, 568 On the stone of Me.sha, 104. On the Tartar languages, 80. Contents of the Journals. Bcitrage zur vergl. Sprachf. 168, 568; De Gids, 300; Gutting, gel. Anzeigen, 51,212, 300, 344, 364, 388, 428, 468, 508, 528 ; Gratz’s Monatsschr. 388 ; Hermes, 56, 84, 256, 364, 468 ; II Propugnatore, 448 ; I Jahrb. fUr roman, u. eng. Ltteratuc, usa, I 408; Journ. Asiatique, 212, 364, 448, ! 468, 548; Journ. of Germ. Orient. Soc. I 448 ; Journ. of Philol. 300; Journ. Roy. j Asiatic Soc. 80, 276; Literar. Ccntralbl. 51, 148, 276, 300, 388, 508; Monatsch. fur Gesch. und Wiss. des Judenthums, 52 ; N. American, 528 ; N. Brit. Rev. 52 ; Philolog. Anzciger, 28, 84, 104, 148, 212, ! 276, 408, 527 ; Philologus, 28, 104, 548 ; 1 Phoenix (The), 22, 488; Rev, Celtique. 1 527; Rev. des Langues roinanes, 408, 428; Rheinisches Museum, 28, 84, 148, 300, 428, 528 ; Romanische Studied, 364 ; Studien fur griech. u. latcin. Grammatik, 148; Theol. Quartakchr. 148 ; Tijdsch. voor Ind. Taal-, Land- en Volkcnkunde. 80; Trans, of Saxon PHI LO LOGY — contin ued. Geselisch. der Wissensch. 344; Ver- hand. van het Batav. Genootsch. v. Kunsten cn Wetensch. 80; Zcitsch. dcr deutschcn morgenland. Geselisch. 52, 212; Zeitsch. fur iigypt. Sprache, 22, 148, 448 ; Zcitsch. fur deutsche Philol. 276, 428, 568; Zeitsch. fur die Cstcrr. Gymnas. 84, 124. 212, 276, 508 ; Zcitsch. fur verg!. Sprachf. 80, 211, 276, 408, 528. Notes. PACK Albfrilnf, researches on.506 Amari, Prof. Michele .. .. .. 51, 211 Bekker, Immanuel. .. .. 343 Brahma and the Brahmans.275 Buddhism in Ceylon .407 Cambridge Philological Soc.211 Carr, Major, death of.300 Composition, Greek and Latin .. .. 275 Corsscn, Dr.. 232 Cron, I*rof., essay on Plato’s Gorging 28 1 Cuneiform researches, recent .. .. 507 j Curetonian Gospels, discovery of frag- i ments of..468 I Dialogues, Greek and Latin, Haupt’s 408 ' Early English Text Society.. ! Ellis’ Early English Pronunciation .. 56 European and Asiatic languages, com¬ mon origin of .547 Finnish language, new periodical in .. 547 TdAa (yaAaxTOs) .508 German universities, suspension of lectures in'. 28 Granth, the sacred book of the Sikhs 427 Greek apaSa, derivation of.447 — poems, medieval. .. 344 Hamlth, inscriptions found at .. .. 568 Hebrew’ and Jewish works, collection °f. x - grammar, progress of .. .. 21 - literature, sale of.168 -, translations of .. :88 Herculanensium voluminum quae supersunt .28 Hesiod, Kochly and Kinkel’s new edit, of.28 Homer, a Syriac version of.467 Hungarian language, the .324 India, works from.324 -Office Library, additions to .. 79 Indian literature .X03 Inscriptions in the Kawi language .. 80 -, Himyaritic .. 188,211, 448 1 ■, Indian.275 -, Roman .188 on *•..427 Jdnerariutn Alexandra .344 Jewish town, ruins of.168 Jottings on old French MSS.527 Kalilah and Dimnah, the, Syriac translation of .. .. .. .. ,. 387 Kyprianos, Prof. A.548 Latin genitives.. 103 — ■■■ orthography, works on .. .. 427 -pronunciation, *45, *8^ *87, r£8, TvS, sSq, a)o, vyj, 253, 2-54, 2^, 2$f, 333, 565 -, study of, during the past cen¬ tury.488 -words in Welsh.255 Madvig’s Greek and Latin works .. 188 Max Muller’s Science of Language .. 168 Moabite stone, the, 51, 80, 211, 407, 428,438 PHILO LO GY — continued. PAGE MSS., Arab., Pers. and Turk., in Libr. of Trin. Coll. Camb. .. .. 363 Miillcr’s (Prof. C. F. W.) Plautine Prosody.. .. 344 Murray, M. J. A. H„ on dialects of the south of Scotland.56 Music, Greek writers on .83 Mainyo-i-Khard, Book of the, 324, 468, 507 Nomcnclatorphilologorum .. .. 427, 527 Newman’s Diet, of Mod. Arabic .. 547 Oriental literary history .. .. .. 22 -MSS... -studies, progress of .. .. 448 Ovid, new edit, of.364 Palmer, Mr. E. H , researches in the Tih and in Moab.51 Papyri, three, in Stuttg. Collect, of Coins and Antiq.448 Paris, particulars from.xSS Parsism and Christianity .. .. .. 324 Plautine literature.508 Plautus, emendations in, by Prof. Studeinund.427 Pott’s litymologische Forschungen .. 507 Pronunciation,WcLh and Anglo-Saxon 466 Propertius, MS. of.56 Prussia, decline of the higher educa- 1 tion in .. .. ..526 Revue celtique, the .... ■ , postponement of publi¬ cation of.. .. 28 - critique, the ... Riese’s Historic Apollonii Regis Tyri 488 Romance philology, Mussafia’s re¬ searches on.427 Romania, new French Quarterly .. 548 Sampo, the myth of .. 388 Sanskrit lexicography.210 -literature.275 -MhS. in Bengal .103 -- at Tan j ore .. ..299,447 Schmitthcnner’s German Diet... Seneca Rhetor, declamations of.. .. 388 Sicilian dialects, lectures on .. .. 28 — ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ , study of.147 Skulls, &c. from Palmyra.568 Slavonian languages, transcription of 363 Slavonic races, survey of .. .. .. 488 - elements in modern Greek .. 56 Smith’s “ Phonetic Values of the Cunei¬ form Characters ” .5-. 7 Spanish words, origin of .. .. .. 168 Stamm's U If las .. .. 427 St. Mark, Anglo-Saxon Gosi»cl of .. 56 Syriac grammar (lost), °f Jacob of . i u icfcfca .. 447 Tabari's Universal History, discovery of .• . 44 S Trinummus, Ritschl's.. 21 x Triibncr's American and Oriental Literary Record.51 Ucbenvcg, Dr. Friedrich .. .. .. 343 Umbrian inscription, new.299 Valetta’s O. Muller's History of Greek Literature .275 Vedas, grammar of the language of .. 388 Virgil, ablative in. 427 -, Mr. Singleton’s translation of 568 Wagener's (Dr. C.) Lai in Orthography 344 t Wagner's Medieval Greek Te i ts .. 508 West-Finns, the .275 | Wilmanns, l)r. A.211 Zcdner, Mr. Joseph .507 ERRATUM IN No. 38. Page 558 (a), line 33, for " Maloezzi," read “ Malvez/i.’ Digitized by Cjoooie Digitized by ^ooQie the Academy. A Monthly Record of Literature, Learning, Science, and Art. 41 INTER SILVAS ACADEMI QU/ERERE VERUM.” pagk None*. x General Literature and Art Our First Year.. x Dickens’s Mystery of Edwin Drood . x Liliencron’s Political Ballads and Poems of Germany .4 Robinson’s (W.) Alpine Flowers and The Wild Garden . 5 Robinson’s (J. C.) 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GELDART, B.A., Modem Language Master in the Manchester Free Grammar School. With an Index of Greek and Albanian Words. Extra fcap. 8vo., 4 s. 6 d. [ This day. OXFORD J PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS ; AND PUBLISHED BY MACMILLAN AND CO., LONDON, PUBLISHERS TO THE UNIVERSITY. Price ix.. Monthly, MACMILLAN’S MAGAZINE, '.No. 132, for OCTOBER. Contexts: x. "ARE WE READY?” 2. Mr. ANTHONY TROLLOPE’S New Story, "Sir Harry Hotspur of Humijlethwaite.” Chapters XVI.—XVIII. 3. Rev. STOPFORD A. BROOKE on " Ruskin’s Lectures on Art.” 4. The Hon. Mrs. KNOX’S " SONNET.” 5. "BELGIUM IN 1848 AND 1870.” By a Belgian Subject. 6. Professor SEELEY on "The English Revolution of the Nineteenth Century.” —III. 7. "CAVE-HUNTING.” By W. Boyd Dawkins, F.R.S. —I. The Somerset Caves. 8. "WHAT JOHN KNOX DID FOR SCOTCH EDUCATION.” By Thomas M. Lindsay, M.A. <> POEM by AUSTIN DOBSON; "Before Sedan.” 10. Mr. SCOTT RUSSELL on "The Loss of the ‘Captain.’” A Beautiful Christmas Present. 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With numerous Illustrations. 8vo., cloth extra. The Wonders of Engraving. By George DUPLESS 1 S. With 34 fine Woodcuts by P. Sellier, and 10 Photograph Reproductions in Autotype, illustra¬ tive of the various Stages of the Art of Engraving, from the Earliest Times to the Present. 1 vol., square 8vo., cloth elegant, gilt edges, price 12X. 6 d. [This day. The Wonders of Painting: embracing the Spanish, French, German, English, Flemish, and Dutch Schools, &c. By LOUIS VIARDOT, Author of “ Wonders of Italian Art.” Numerous Woodcut Illus¬ trations and Photographs, beautifully printed on tolled paper, and elegantly bound in cloth. Tent-Life in Siberia, and Adventures AMONG the KORAKS and OTHER TRIBES in KAMTKATCHA and NORTHERN ASIA. By GEORGE KENNAN. 1 vol., t2mo., with Map. 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'William Wickham and Field - Marshal Suworow from Original Pictures, 3 os. « The Marvels of the Heavens. By CAMILLE FLAMMARION. Translated by Mrs. LOCKYER, Translator of "The Heavens.” Crown 8vo., with numerous 1 Illustrations, 5X. The History of Greece. By Professor ERNEST CURTIUS. Translated by A. W. WARD, M.A. Vol. III. Demy 8vo., i8x. New&OheaperEdition of The Heavens. An Illustrated Handbook of Popular Astronomy. By AM£d£e GUILLEMIN. Edited by J. NORMAN LOCKYER, F.R.A.S. Demy 8vo., with 200 Illus¬ trations, xox. 6 d. RICHARD BENTLEY, New Burlington Street, 11 Fg^i^/ier in Ordinary to He g* Majesty. Oct. 22, 1870.] The Academy. 1 THE ACADEMY. " Inter silvas Acadkki Quant*** v**um." Readers are reminded that the mention of New Books, Articles, &*c., in our lists is intended as a guarantee of their importance. The Editor of The Academy cannot undertake to return com¬ munications which are not asked for. The next number will be published on Tuesday, November 1 $th, and advertisements should be sent in by the gth. NOTICE.—The Offices of the Academy have been re- moved to 14, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, whither all communications for the Editor, Advertisements, is ' e ., should be sent. OUR FIRST YEAR. The end of our first volume, and the beginning of another, present a convenient opportunity for consider¬ ing 1. What were the objects which it was hoped to attain by originating a new periodical ? 2. How far have those objects been, how far may they in future be, attained by the Academy ? 1. The Academy was set on foot in answer to a widely felt and constantly expressed dissatisfaction with the existing organs of literary and scientific criticism. A critical journal was demanded which should neither praise indiscriminately nor blame from pique or prejudice; one on which the general reader might rely for guidance through the waste of super¬ ficial and ephemeral literature by which he is surrounded and through which he has neither the time nor perhaps the ability to guide himself; a journal which should systematic¬ ally survey the European literary and scientific movement as a whole, and pass judgment upon books not from an insular, still less from a partisan, but from a cosmopolitan point of view; a journal, lastly, in which only permanent works of taste and real additions to knowledge should be taken into account, and in which the honesty and competence of the reviewer should be vouched for by his signature. 2. Of the quality of the criticism which has appeared in the Academy it is the part of others rather than becoming has attained in this country, and the recognition which it has met with throughout the European world of letters, have, we honestly confess, exceeded our most sanguine expecta¬ tions. The Editor makes this statement in no boastful spirit, but rather with a feeling of gratitude towards those many eminent men both in this country and abroad, whose willing and sympathetic assistance has rendered such a result possible. There is another object at which we have earnestly aimed. In accordance with our original plan, we have reviewed the most important theological literature of the year, Catholic, An¬ glican, Protestant, even Jewish and Mohammedan, in a spirit of complete neutrality. We have offered no opinion as to the truth or falsehood of religious belief, or of any form of it; not because we are indifferent to these questions, but because we considered from the first that we should be performing a more useful part, by quitting the arena of religious polemics, and treating theology purely as a branch of learned literature. That we have not altogether failed in our effort to combine •complete freedom of statement with tenderness towards the feelings of every class of believers, may be gathered from the approval with which the Academy has been received by the whole religious press of this country, ranging from the .ultramontane Tablet on the one hand, through every phase of VOL. 11. Anglican or Protestant opinion, to the Jnvish Chronicle on the other. Before leaving this point, it may be well to touch lightly on a delicate subject, on which, had it not been open to mis¬ construction, we should have preferred to be silent. It is this. We have -felt it to be our duty to the public to trans¬ fer the publication of the Academy to a new firm. This change, while carrying with it the obvious advantage of greater facilities of communication with the Continental world of letters, has really grown out of our theological position. Mr. Murray, to whom the Academy will always be indebted for its introduction to a wide circle of readers, did not call in question the fact of our theological impar¬ tiality, but disapproved of it. The Editor, on the other hand, felt that the adoption of the theological principles of the Quarterly Review, or of the organ of any given class of the English public, would have involved the surrender of one of the fundamental characteristics of the Academy, one, too, which we had pledged ourselves to maintain. Under these circumstances, Mr. Murray has come forward in the most honourable manner, and offered to resign all his interest in the copyright of the Journal. Holding the prin¬ ciple at issue to be an important one, we have accepted his offer: and we now bid him, not ungratefully, a courteous farewell 1 One most unmistakeable sign that the Academy has sup¬ plied a want, is the general outcry for its enlargement. To this appeal we give a hearty response. The Academy, as it exists at present, is merely the germ of that which we hope it will become. During the past year we have made it our first duty to establish our competence to treat of those weightier matters which had hitherto been most neglected by English critics. But the purely scientific portion of the Academy being now completely organized, we shall con¬ centrate our attention during the ensuing year on the best means of meeting the wishes of those, who desire a more authoritative organ of criticism than has hitherto existed upon the Fine Arts, and a variety of other subjects of more general interest. Hitherto this department has occupied but one-third of the whole Journal. So soon, however, as the present exceptional depression of the book-trade both at home and abroad shall have ceased—if possible at the be¬ ginning of the new year—we intend to publish a number of the Academy every fortnight, and without diminution of our scientific departments, to devote one-half of each number to General Literature. Amongst the new subjects which we hope to introduce, will be Old English Literature; Geog¬ raphy and Travel; Biography, Letters, &c. ; Music, Paint¬ ing, Architecture and Sculpture ; Law and Political Economy ; as well as some branches of Natural Science which from want of space have been hitherto neglected. The extension of our space will also enable us to attend to another suggestion, by providing even in our more difficult articles such explanations, that the unlearned reader may derive some instruction from at least a portion of them. In thus acceding to the wishes which have been so largely expressed, we are developing a new phase of our programme, whilst maintaining in the strictest integrity that portion of it which has been already accomplished. Editor. General Literature and Art. The Mystery of Edwin Drood. By Charles Dickens. London : Chapman and Hall, 1870. Just as we are warned not to call a man’s life happy till we know the manner of his death, we should withhold our final judgment on a writer till we have been enabled to Digitized by ^ooQie The Academy. [Oct. 22,1870. compare his last work with his first, and both with his greatest. With men of real genius, and, of* course, in the case of others the experiment is not worth trying, it is pos¬ sible to trace all their successes home to some inalienable mental quality, which, through old age and. exhaustion, will still maintain the same proportionate importance amongst other faculties. But a weakness in disguise, or a merely for¬ tunate trick, is sure to be discovered and condemned, when, from indolence or habit, the author repeats it once too often, and the original indulgence is then felt to have rested on insufficient grounds. To take the most illustrious instance possible: whilst Goethe was in his prime, it was natural to suppose that the mystifications, which he sometimes pre¬ pared for his readers and disciples, had a deep purport to be disclosed in his good pleasure ; and people like Diogenes Teufelsdrockh guessed his riddles with more or less inge¬ nuity and good temper, until the encroachment of the spirit of obscurity in the last part of Faust and Wilhelm Meister , gave credit to the idea that he was only oracular when he did not see clearly himself. It may be replied that when he did not see clearly it was that he had with¬ drawn to a distance from which he had a wider view; but the illustration will serve to shew in what sense it is fair to fix an author’s merits by the degree of resemblance between his best works and his comparative failures—re¬ semblance, not in plot or subject, but in methods or sources of effect. Dickens’s vast and wide-spread popularity has not pre¬ vented the question from being raised, whether he had a genuine talent, or were only a skilful master of the machinery of burlesque. The answer lies in the fact that his last books have sentences and sometimes whole scenes equal to anything in his first, and that with him the difference between worst and best is only that between the more or less fre¬ quent exercise of a pleasant power, not between power and failure. And yet the doubt is not quite unreasonable, for though we may be certain that Mrs. Gamp and the Wellers are truly comic characters, and may be expected to endure as such, Winkle and Captain Bunsby and the like are on a different footing, though they are scarcely less popular with the mass of readers. They are invented to do what we may call the comic business, and they are often danger¬ ously near the borders of conventional farce. Their escape, when they escape, is due to the double character of Dickens's humour, which has a realistic as well as an imaginative side. Not only is every grotesque incident doubly grotesque to him, but he has the power of setting forth the image in his own mind with such vivid detail, colour, and perspective, that his picture, though neither real nor possible, must, in defiance of nature, be described as life-like. It is these per¬ sonages, invented with reckless fertility, who make his books a populous world apart; their whole existence is traced out before us, Balzac could not be more minute in describing their clothes and the furniture of their houses; to all out¬ ward appearance they live and move, they certainly make jokes, and their death seems sometimes to claim a tear. That they are altogether fantastic and absurd does not of itself affect their right to exist, and it is a remarkable triumph for their creator, that after a few hours in his low-life fairy¬ land they seem as real and as much in accordance with the eternal conditions of human existence as the most common¬ place characters of a conscientious middle-class novel. They do not exist, but we are at a loss to say why they shouldn’t exist; and while we debate the question, they do exist, causing people of all ages and countries to laugh a cosmo¬ politan laugh of simple amusement, at figures which are no more unreal in one country than another. Had the manufacture of these oddities been merely a matter of professional dexterity, the illusion would have failed sooner or later, and we should find a grotesque mask instead of a plausible dream; as it is, even so poor a character as the Angular Mr. Grewgious in Edwin Drood' must have been a reality to the writer before he could be endowed with so many qualities and idiosyncracies; even the misuse of capital letters in his service, indicates a forlorn' hope of conveying by mere emphasis to the reader’s mind what was already superfluously plain to his companion’s. Lower than this Dickens could never sink, nor, on the other hand, could he rise higher than Sam Weller and Little Dombey, for whose mental and moral shapes he performs exactly the same feat that we have described in his dealings with external eccentricities. Here it is that his imagination works most freely and abundantly, and here his greatest triumphs have been attained; but to throw into relief what he has done, we must remember what he never did, and never could have done. He was entirely incapable of de¬ scribing or representing the inner nature or development of any character that he had not built up limb by limb for himself; and as he never happened to frame an ordinary- mortal, those he intended for such were either entirely colourless, or a standing monument to his independence of aid from nature. The Mystery of Edwin Drood may either be the subject of speculation as a novel, or of study as the last fragment from his fertile pen. In the first respect there are signs of a more carefully-designed intrigue than in most of his earlier works. John Jasper, opium-eater, music-master and murderer, is a villain of the melodramatic type, who is in love with his- nephew’s betrothed, and arranges, months in advance, how his nephew shall disappear and another young man be sus¬ pected of the deed. He has strange mesmeric power, and a remarkable gift of rehearsing in his visions, before and after the event, the crime which we are given to understand he has committed. As in Wilkie Collins’s Moonstone , the mys¬ tery is evidently to be explained by the principal actor in a trance, and a mysterious woman who keeps an opium-shop for Chinamen and Lascars, lies vindictively in wait to betray him. It would be in vain to speculate whether Edwin Drood would have turned out somehow or other not to have been murdered, in spite of such omens as a heap of quicklime to consume his bones (p. 90), a black scarf of strong close- woven silk to throttle him (p. 112), and all the dreadful things that were evidently done while Durdles slumbered, and perhaps Deputy watched, on page 94. The solution of this problem'was evidently reserved for the sagacity of Mr. Datchery, agent doubtless of Mr. Grewgious, seconded by the still unexplained animosity of the opium-seller. But Dickens was never very particular as to the possibility of the means by which his characters were made happy towards the last number, and for aught we can tell to the contrary, half-a-dozen principal contributors to the denoument may have remained uninvented when the work was cut short in the middle. Of the other personages, some have their individuality defined for them by mere outward accidents, as Edwin Drood by his testamentary betrothal, and others fall natu¬ rally into one of the many classes into which Dickens’s shadow-world is divided. The charge of sameness and self- repetition in this respect, which is sometimes made against him, is rather unreasonable, for if we try to recall—it is no trifling task—the list of dramatis personae in his collected works, nothing is more striking than the number of types it contains, except the distinctness of the several indivi¬ dualities which fall under each. In both respects nature is rivalled and in one way surpassed; for though five hundred persons selected with a due regard to variety might, in real Digitized by Google Oct. 22, 1870.] The Academy. 3 life, be as distinctly known apart as the same number of Dickens’s most circumstantial inventions (a number easily made up), yet it is barely within the limits of possibility that a human author should delineate them as they arc so as to give a complete and distinct idea of so many separate exist¬ ences. Granted that Dickens represents them as they are not, painters have been proud of the title of “ Nature’s Ape,” and if we take the words seriously, it is perhaps the fittest that could be given him. Whilst the impostors of real life pass half-hidden in the crowd, his Pecksniffs, Barnacles, Bounderbys, and Chadbands, with their absurd grimaces and wild contorsions, are mere caricatures; and yet their monkey-gestures are only the outside exaggerations of what we know must be passing in the mind of any humbug who is so successful as to have concealed every sign of his pro¬ fession. Mr. Honeythunder, a philanthropist, is the con¬ tribution to this class in Edwin Drood , but he is brought in rather from the exigencies of the story than for his own sake, and some of his harangues look like padding. Besides a whole gallery of hypocrites, Dickens has favoured us with numerous personifications of cast-iron unamiability, such as Mr. Murdstone, Mrs. Clenham, and the rest, and with nu¬ merous personifications of jovial benevolence, sometimes in a whole family of Toodles, sometimes in a corpulent couple like the Boffins; aggressive with Mark Tapley, and latent, it may almost be said, with everybody who is not provided with some other leading and incompatible peculiarity. Mr. Crisparkle, in Edwin Drood , is the representative of this amiable fraternity, and he is also an amusing instance of Dickens’s instinctive avoidance of commonplace possibility. What can be more natural and familiar than the idea of a private tutor, clerical and muscular, bathing, boxing, and exercising beneficial moral influence upon his pupils ? and yet, whether because of his name, or his mamma, or the airs of unworldly wisdom with which he is invested, or some still less tangible reason, the good Minor Canon is no more like his supposed original than Dickens is like Miss Austen. Then there are whole professional classes which Dickens has created over again, touching up the handiwork of nature where she seemed to have left life too dull a thing to laugh or cry at. The coachmen and ostlers of Pickwick are pass¬ ing away, and the sailor on shore, here represented-by-Mir Tartar (a gentleman who, for some inscrutable reason, prefers cultivating scarlet-runners in the city to taking possession of his property), always seemed to us the most mechanical and uninteresting of the author’s fancies; but his landladies are admirable, and the sexless Billickin is a worthy successor to Mrs. Lirriper. This worthy’s name suggests another class in which he excels, the ladies, namely, who express them¬ selves incoherently, and lest Dickens’s fertilityin thisdirection should be perverted into a charge of self-imitation, it is fair to point out that in no case does this amiable weakness form the whole of a character, ot else how should we distin¬ guish Mrs. Gradgrind from Flora Finching, nee Casby? There are many excellent people in real life whose names suggest first and principally the idea of discursive conversa¬ tion, though they may have no other quality in common; and variety within variety is even more universally the rule with the novelist. Impecuniosity, or the Micawber or Skim- pole type, does not appear in Edwin Drood; pompous imbe¬ cility is represented by Mr. Sapsea, an auctioneer; Miss Twinkleton represents the single ladies of a certain age •whom we know so well, sometimes acid and sometimes mild, but always at feud with the nearest matron, who is also sometimes acid and sometimes mild. It isnot to be expected that in the first half of a book, which-was to be one of its author’s shortest, we should find many of his favourite guar¬ dian angels of humble station, who are always ready to rush about in an unpractical way setting to rights impossible wrongs. There are no studies of insanity, nor any repre¬ sentatives of a particular abuse to be demolished; for love and opium-smoking, the principle motives of the story, can¬ not be compared with Bumbledom, Education, Chancery, Debt, and the other Giants who have been wounded with a drop of ink from his pen. The heroes and heroines are perhaps a little weak in drawing, except Rosa who quarrels and eats sugar-plums bcwitchingly; but this may be because they attempt to be ordinary young men and women, whilst Dickens’s forte is the extraordinary. It is certain that the only successful studies of character he has made are those which have been inspired by an abuse, and are a half-personification of its action and influence, like the Father of the Marshalsea or the younger Jarndyce. Durdles again is of the old comic breed; the imp known as Deputy seems too acute and mali¬ cious to have grown up in a cathedral city, but he might have been taken for a sketch from nature if it were not for his hobgoblin game of Wake-cock warning. It is not easy to say why such whims of the imagination are amusing, yet in virtue of them Dickens is to the Briton exactly what a story from the Arabian Nights is to the Oriental; it is the invention of a single man against the memory of a genera¬ tion of grandmothers. On the whole The Mystery of Edwin Drood , viewed as a fragment, shews little falling off from the writer’s second- best works; the unfortunate cause of its fragmentary form lends it a peculiar interest, and we welcome these new actors the more because they are the last who will join the com¬ pany. But after assigning them their places, there is room for a word on the moral and intellectual atmosphere which pervades and surrounds them. The first thing that strikes a reader of Dickens is the absence of all familiar boundaries and landmarks : class distinctions are ignored or obliterated; different ages and sexes assume the prerogatives of their opposites; people transact incongruous business in impos¬ sible places; and with it all there is no apparent conscious¬ ness that the social order is confused and inverted. It is still more curious to watch this levelling tendency applied to matters of intellect. Dickens has a positive affection for lunatics, and with the exception of the favourites to whom h e l e nd s t o uch e s "of his own imagination, a vast majority of his characters are born fools. In his queer world they fare none the worse for this; they cluster round one delusion or another, and defend it with just as much formality as if they were reasoning beings, and it almost seems as if, cceteris paribus , he preferred the thought that travelled by a crooked lane. The only light in this chaos is what falls from a few moral axioms concerning the duty to our neighbour, and these are of such universal application as to be rather indefinite. In such books as Dornbey and Martin Chuzzlewit we seem lost in a millennium of illogical goodwill, in imagin¬ ing which, no doubt, Dickens was principally influenced by his natural humour. But the only approach to an opinion on things in general that can be gathered from his works, is derived by implication from his moral system. The world, we are given to understand, would be more amiable than it is, and could not be more absurd, if the virtues of Mr. Toots were universally practised. This is by no means a bad posi¬ tion for a humourist to occupy, for though we may have our doubts as to what makes Dickens’s characters so much more laughable than life, it is something to have extracted the maximum of amusement out of innocent and even admirable eccentricities. H. Lawrenny. Digitized by Google 4 [Oct. 22, 1870. The Academy. Political Ballads and Poems of Germany. [Din historischm Volkslieder der Deutschen vom 13. bis 16. Jahrhunderl, gesammelt und erlautert von R. Liliencron. Auf Veranlassung und mit Unter- stiitzung seiner Majestat des Konigs von Bayern Maximilian II. herausgegeben durch die historische Commission bei der konigl. Academie der Wissenschaften.] Leipzig: F. C. W. Vogel, 1865- 1869. Flint Bande. It would be superfluous to insist here upon the very great importance of political ballad-poetry and popular songs. That the multifarious value of compositions of this kind is amply recognized, appears from the numerous collections or fresh editions of them which have been recently under¬ taken in England, Sweden, Denmark, and Germany. Of all those which have hitherto appeared, the one before us is the most comprehensive: although extending only to the middle of the 16th century, it contains 623 pieces, and that without including the Church poetry of the Reformation, which would have belonged to the last period of the collec¬ tion, but that Liliencron intends to make separate use of it hereafter. This abundance of material is sufficiently surprising, but it is explained not only by the productivity of an eventful time (about 370 pieces are concerned with the interval from 1506 to 1554), and by the circumstance that Switzerland and the Netherlands—and therefore the songs of those countries—then belonged to Germany; but also by Liliencron’s having included in his work certain rhymed pieces (Spruchgedichte) which were never intended to be sung. In answer to criticisms on this score, he observes that poems of this class undeniably form part of the material which he had undertaken to collect, though they have the effect of making the title “ Popular Songs ” unsuitable to the collection. “ Political Poems of the People ” would be more accurate, but on the whole, he preferred the familiar name. The same view was taken by Hyltcn-Cavallius and George Stephens, who admitted several pieces of this kind into the Sveriges Historiska och Politiska Visor (Orebro, 1853), an excellent collection, of which, unfortunately, only the first volume has as yet appeared. The only two qualifications for admission into this collec¬ tion are, therefore, that the poem under discussion should have sprung up amongst the people or the itinerant poets of the people, and secondly, that it should be of the same date as the occurrence it commemorates; whence it follows that pieces of later origin, composed by the help of chronicles or such like authorities, are, with few exceptions excluded. Similarly, only those poems of a narrative form are admitted which were composed under the impression of the moment, and aim less at narrating and describing than at influencing the popular mind by a coloured and more or less partial account of events. The collection closes with the year 1354, the date of the last events of the first religious war in Germany, forming thus a complete and satisfactory whole; for there already exist abundant collections for the period of the Thirty Years’ War, although the political poetry of this as of the intervening time has a character of its own. In the songs and verses of these three centuries, we see how the people of the time expressed the feelings and opinions which each fresh occurrence called forth from the exhortation to union addressed to Berne and Friburg in 1243, and the battle on the Marchfeld (1273) in which Rudolph of Hapsburg laid the foundation of the greatness of his house, till that battle of Sievershausen at which Maurice of Saxony, the author of the Peace of Passau, was slain 1553. Amongst these, to take a few of the most familiar points, we find songs from the time of the frightful Hussite wars, of the Swiss struggles against Austria and Burgundy, of the great peasant war, of the Munster Anabaptists, of the first siege of Vienna by the Turks, of the war of the Schmalkald league and its consequences down to the treaty of Passau. Here we can trace the struggles between the towns and the princes, and within the former between the patricians and the guilds; here too we are met by those mighty burgomasters of the free imperial towns, who so often played an important part, like Schwarz and Herbrot in Augsburg (1477 and 1548), Waldmann in Zurich (1489), and more particularly Wullenwever of Lubeck (1534), the area of whose influence extended far into the North of Europe. It is evident, from the first glance, that the work before us is as important as it is attractive, and the merit of the editor is not less conspicuous in the manner in which he has carried out the honourable task which has fallen to his share. We must call to mind the long and laborious re¬ searches (involving the help of many experienced assistants) which were necessary in collecting materials scattered through public and private libraries, and sometimes entirely lost sight of, which then had to be sifted, arranged, and subjected to philological criticism. In addition to this, the editor was aware that the complete enjoyment of poems of this kind was impossible without previous knowledge of all the cir¬ cumstances of the time which gave rise to them; and he has accordingly prefixed to each poem an explanatory in¬ troduction of sufficient length, whilst for points of detail, verbal explanations, and various readings, the student is referred to accompanying notes. As all this has been done with the greatest care, the most minute knowledge of the subject, and the most extensive learning, it can easily be imagined what an amount of labour Liliencron has bestowed on this extensive work. The same consideration explains how here and there a trifle should have escaped his notice, or an inaccuracy have been overlooked; as when he explains the expression “ Kunst noctoria ” by the non-existent “ ars unc- toria” (i. 239, No. 50, v. 653), when what is meant is the “ ars notoria,” for which see my edition of Gervasius of Tilbury (Hanover, 1856), p. 161 ; or when he does not observe that “Grippe” (iii. 39, No. 261, v. 105) is the Italian “grippo,” cf. Spanish “ gripo,” or when he transfers the “ Kneiphof ” (iii. 517, 36) from Konigsberg to Dantzig. These, how¬ ever, are trifles, and there is only one point on which I want to dwell a little longer, the song, namely, exhorting Berne and Friburg to unity, which is referred to the year 1243, because of the alliance then concluded between those towns. It is related, in an allegorical form, how two oxen had made themselves sole masters of a clover-field, and had compelled all the other beasts to remain at a distance from it. These, however, and especially the wolves and the foxes, endeavour to disturb the good understanding of the oxen in order to overcome them separately, and thus take possession of their pasture-ground. The author of the poem, on the other hand, warns the two oxen (“Es ist Friburg und Berne”) against these suggestions, as they are able to resist all attacks whilst united, but would succumb separately. This song has been printed more than once before, but neither Liliencron nor any one else has yet remarked that it con¬ tains an allusion to the eighteenth fable of Avianus, which tells of four oxen, whom the lion first disunited, and then overcame. Boner has modified this fable in his collection (No. 84), retaining the four oxen, but making the lion into a wolf He was a native of Berne, and wrote in the first half of the 14th century, and it is by no means improbable that the author of the poem under discussion may have borrowed his allegory from Boner’s fable; both alike differ from Avianus in making the enemy a wolf, and Liliencron himself points out that the language seems to indicate a rather later date than that hitherto accepted. Alliances between Berne Digitized by Google Oct. 22, 1870.] The Academy. 5 and Friburg were concluded in 1307 and *313, as well as later, and the poem might refer to one of these instead of to that of 1243. But in the song on the Battle of Sempach (i. 119, No. 33, 4, ff.) Avianus’ lion reappears, for the allusion is to him, rather than, as Liliencron supposes, to the Order of the Lion, of which Leopold of Austria was a member; and, consequently, the four original Cantons, Lucerne, Uri, Schwytz, and Unter- walden, must be understood as the four oxen of the fable. As I am on the subject of Liliencron’s very welcome and instructive introductions, I should not omit to notice that the poems belonging to the Peasant War might also with advantage have been accompanied by an introduction, not, of course, exhaustive (for none are), but still better than nothing. That to No. 454 (on Wullenwever) occupies four pages and a half, and one or two pages more would have sufficed for a summary of that war. The rigorously conservative prepossessions which Liliencron betrays when¬ ever there is an opportunity, need not have prevented him from doing justice to the poor tortured hinds and their lawful demands : out of more than twenty pieces (284-286, 374-393), only two come from their camp, whilst all the others proceed from their enemies; so that there would be little chance of forming a fair judgment of their despairing struggle, unless we possessed other sources of information. A word of de¬ fence, or at least a short account of the course of the insur¬ rection, would have been quite in place : the reference to Zimmermann’s History is not enough, because that work may not be in the hands of all educated readers, for whom, of course, the present collection is intended. For the rest, the history of this war is even now full of profitable instruction, and, as the French would say, “ pleine d’une actuality palpi- tante," especially for England. We have just remarked that only two songs on the side of the peasants have reached us; all the others were probably suppressed by the victors, or else had never spread beyond a narrow circle, or perhaps concealed their meaning under an allegory, like the fine ex¬ pressive song of the Danish country-people, which extolled the “ eagle (Christian II.) who smote the hawk” (the nobles and priests) “ with his sharp claws, so that all the other little birds rejoiced, and each one began to sing.” Of course, this too is a party song, but it gives at least an indirect expres¬ sion to a voice, then seldom heard, that of the people groan¬ ing under the yoke of the 'nobles’r •and -Svend Gnindtvig rightly remarks ( Danmarks Gamle Folkeviser, ii. 667), “ Even if the song does not tell the whole truth, or express an im¬ partial judgment, nevertheless, as Afzelius says, it is truer than chronicles, and more precious than gold.” Many of the songs and introductions have a special bear¬ ing on and interest for England. As early as the year 1375 we find Ein Lied von den Engelschen (i. 87, No. 25), where the march is described of the dreaded Welshman Jevan ap Eynion ap Griffith, with the army of Ingelram de Coucy to Switzerland; further on in the year ^13 we find Ein neuw Lied von der groszen Niderlag geschehen vor der Stadt Tenvan ( Terouanne ), durch unsem allergnadigsten Herm den Kaiser ■und Kiinig von Engelland wider den Kiinig von Frankreich (iii. 100, No. 277), and so with many others, as may be seen from the carefiil index of titles appended to each volume, which, however, now that the work is completed, would be more convenient if thrown into one. Nothing essential is however wanting to the collection, for in the preface to the first volume the editor has explained the historical and phi¬ lological principles by which he has been guided throughout; a short review of the history of popular poetry shows his deep insight into its nature, and to complete the work, the last and fifth volume contains a historical account of the popular music of the 16th century, together with the tunes for as many of the songs as can be found. By a fortunate chance the song on the murder of the famous burgomaster of Ghent, Jacob van Artevelde, the ally of King Edward the III. of England (a.d. 1345) has been preserved by oral tradition, with the appropriate melody, down to the present time, and is here printed (appendix 4). With this interesting detail we must take leave of this most valuable collection, recom¬ mending it at the same time to students of history and the friends of popular poetry. Felix Liebrecht. Alpine Flowers for English Gardens. By W. Robinson, F.L.S., Author of The Parks , Promenades, and Gardens of Paris. With numerous Illustrations. London : J. Murray, 1870. The Wild Garden, or our Groves and Shrubberies made beautiful by the naturalization of hardy Exotic Plants ; with a Chapter on the Gardens of British Wild Flowers. By W. Robinson. London: J. Murray, 1870. “ The choice jewellery of vegetable life,” as Mr. Robinson aptly designates the family of alpine plants, forms one of the great charms to the mountain traveller. Who can de¬ scribe the delight, on ascending above the level of the trees and bushes of the plain, at the first sight of the pigmy Prim¬ rose ( Primula farinosa), with its graceful lilac flowers, its silvery leaves, and slender powdery stem, or of the vernal Gentian (Gentiana acaulis), with its flowers of vivid purple of peerless beauty—a gem-like triumph of life over death, buried, perhaps, for eight months out of the twelve in shrouded snow. Then there is the Cushion Pink ( Silene acaulis), with its tufted masses, like wide-spreading moss, a cluster of crimson flowers peeping above its leaves, making lovely car¬ pets where all around is desolate, the Rose of the Alps (.Rhododendron ferrtigi/icinn and hirsutum), the Sedums, Saxi¬ frages, Campanulas, Pinks, and a host of others, the memory of which stamps itself as deeply upon the mind of the traveller as the snowy waste or the silvery waterfall, specks though they are in comparison with these. The first impulse of the tourist is to dig up these little treasures, and transfer them, as me¬ mories of foreign lands, to his garden at home, where, care¬ fully inserting them in the sunless chinks of his clinker rockery, these children of air and light soon wither and die. The object of Mr. Robinson’s little work is to shew that, under proper treatment, “ there is no alpine plant that ever charmed the traveller’s eye with its brilliancy, that cannot successfully be grown in these islands.” Though, in their natural habitation, they are every year covered with deep beds of snow, or fringe vast fields of ice at elevations where they have scarcely time to flower and seed before they are again embedded, yet these conditions are not indispensable to their growth. In the plains and low-clad hills, these little plants are generally overrun by trees, bushes, and vigorous herbs, while in the more elevated regions there is no taller vegetation to stifle them—they have it in fact all to them¬ selves. But if elevated regions are not indispensable to the well-being of alpine plants, full exposure to the sun, abun¬ dant moisture and depth of soil are essential conditions to their existence. The great obstacle they meet in garden- cultivation is a false conception of their requirements, and of what rockwork should be. Because they inhabit the in¬ terstices of the crag, it is an error to suppose they exist upon little more than melted snow and mountain air, or to imagine they are growing in mere cracks destitute of soil. So deeply rooted are they in the heart of the flaky rock, that after patiently knocking away the sides, Mr. Robinson suc¬ ceeded in laying bare the roots of a tiny plant, not one inch in height, and found some of its radiating fibres to extend more than three feet in length. The broken stone, sand, and grit tend to prevent evaporation and to create drainage, and allow the roots to penetrate deeply among the fissures, so that they never suffer from want of food and moisture. Digitized by Google 6 [Oct. 22, 1870. The Academy. How can this set of conditions be said to be copied by stuffing a little mould between the clinkers, “jammed” bricks and cement of a rockery of ordinary construction, and cramming therein a delicate alpine plant, with no room for its roots, probably under the drip of an overhanging stone, which shuts it out from sun and air. The aim of Mr. Robinson is to correct the whole system of rockwork and rock-gardening, of which he clearly exposes the errors, shewing how the masses of rock should be disposed to form a rockery, assimilated to the natural habitations of alpine plants. He describes the various collections in England, where they flourish in full vigour—convincing proofs that they may be successfully cultivated and acclimatized. The interest of the volume is much enhanced by a lively descrip¬ tion of a tour made by the author, in order to see some of his favourite plants growing in a wild state. He ascended the Grande Saleve for the silvery Saxifrage, and saw Gentians of the deepest blue in silky beds of Cudweed. In the dark valley of the Saar, he found countless tufts of the inter¬ esting Cobweb Houseleek, caves with a golden lining of the yellow Violet and crested with the Alpine Rose, the rare glacial Ranunculus flowering near the sea-green arch of a glacier; and after a diligent hunt on the top of the Monte Campione, he eventually succeeded in finding the rare Eliza¬ beth’s Catchfly. The second part of the book consists of an alphabetical list of alpine plants, with directions how to cul¬ tivate and increase them. The work is written with all the enthusiasm of a genuine lover of plants, and is full of invaluable practical information on the subject upon which it specially treats. Closely following on his Alpine Plants Mr. Robinson has published The Wild Garden, a work in which he takes a general view of the flower-garden ancient and modem. He strongly deprecates the artificial and formal floriculture of the “ bedding out ” system, in which all energy and experience is devoted to the production of thousands of plants, tender and tropical, solely for summer decoration—“the best pos¬ sible appliance,” he says, “ for stealing from nature every grace of form, beauty of colour, and vital interest”—covering the beds for a short season with gaudy masses of colour, and leaving them bare during the rest of the year. This fashion has also produced the evil of eradicating all our sweet old- fashioned flowers, from the stately Lily to the dwarf Hepatica, which adorned the mixed borders of our ancient gardens, and which are now alike dismissed even by the cottager- florist, to give place to Geraniums and tender exotics. Mr. Robinson proposes a plan by which more of the beauty of hardy flowers may be exhibited, than by either the old or modem system. He suggests that the belts of shrubberies, and the rough or semi-wild parts of a garden, should be filled with hardy plants, and that they should there be allowed to grow wild and unrestrained, so that the naked earth should never be shown, but be carpeted by dwarf shrubs, among which the herbaceous plants should rise and bloom in their own wild way. Many flowers, insignificant as single spe¬ cimens, are of the highest order of beauty when seen in numbers, and these plantations would be attractive in all seasons; whereas a simple border of herbaceous plants, when out of bloom, presents only bundles of decayed stems tied to sticks for support. Mr. Robinson would also dot the lawn with dwarf bulbs and spring flowers, which are seen to greater advantage in their emerald bed than in the border, and would have blossomed before the scythe of the mower cropped them off. The concluding parts of the work contain an enumeration of hardy plants suitable for shrubberies and wild borders, for hedge-banks, rockwork, walls, &c., arranged also accord¬ ing to the soils best fitted for them; and the work closes with a chapter upon British wild plants, and the way to- cultivate them. F. Pallisek. A Critical Account of the Drawings by Michel Angelo cud Raffaello in the University Galleries, Oxford. By J. C. Robin¬ son, F.S.A. Clarendon Press, Oxford. Raphael Sanzio and Michel Angelo Buonarotti. Burlington Fine Arts Club Catalogue, 1870. London. Mr. Robinson has accurately described his book in its title. He does not give us a catalogue, but a critical account, of the drawings by Michel Angelo and Raffaello at Oxford. It is not the first time that Mr. Robinson has brought to bear the wide experience which he has acquired as a collector on undertakings similar to this. His History of Portuguese Art, and his Catalogue of the Collections of the South Ken¬ sington Museum, have long been before the public, and on reference to the catalogue of the collection of drawings by old masters at present in the Burlington Fine Arts Club, it will be seen that the very adequate descriptions of the drawings lent by Mr. Malcolm, of Poltalloch, are extracts from Mr. Robinson’s admirable catalogue of that collection which, through the liberality of the author and Mr. Malcolm,, has been widely though privately circulated. The drawings of the sixteenth century are now all in known hands or gathered together in public galleries, so that the work of the- collector being done, the work of the critic can begin. Examination, comparison, and correct arrangement were impossible as long as these drawings were sown broadcast over Europe, or hidden away in neglected portfolios. Under such circumstances the bald and meagre catalogue, barely sufficient for the purposes of sale, was all that was practi¬ cable, but now the catalogue, to be of any value, must claim a place in the literature of Art Such is the character of Mr. Robinson’s Critical Account; it is a book which must in future be consulted by every one who makes the lives and works of Michel Angelo, and Raffaello, the subject of study and investigation. The notes on Michel Angelo are almost entirely new, and in respect to that portion of Raffaello’s work which is represented by the contents of the University Galleries, Mr. Robinson has entirely superseded the cursory and often careless remarks of Passavant. The successful' accomplishment of a task such as this requires both taste and learning, for each drawing has to be considered not only as a work of ait, but as a piece of evidence which may throw light either on the biography of the artist or the- history of his work. On this head Mr. Robinson’s book fully satisfies the strictest requirements. He has arranged the drawings chronologically ; that is to say, he has grouped together all the studies which clearly relate to any given work in its early and late stages, and has placed each group in carefully ascertained order. There are then remaining drawings not known at present to have any connection with extant finished work. These having been sorted, by strict technical examination, each set is placed in the neighbour¬ hood of that group of sketches to which it appears by its technic to have most affinity. To each drawing is appended not only a most accurate description, the full value of which students alone will appreciate, but its complete history. We can learn at once whether there exists a repetition, if so, of what size and where; whether it has been engraved, if so, by whom; and wherever the authenticity is doubtful, Mr. Robinson weighs the question in honest and well-considered critiques, besides giving in every instance straightforward references to the work of his predecessors. The Appendix is very full, and all connoisseurs will wel¬ come the list and the engravings of watermarks, and the publication of the 17th-century Antaldi Catalogue pre¬ sented to the Galleries by Dr. Wellesley, and now for the first Digitized by Google Oct. 22, 1870.] The Academy. 7 time printed in Note 17. It will be seen that to treat upwards of three hundred drawings in this exhaustive way must have involved great and patient labour. But it has been labour well rewarded, for in more than one instance Mr. Robinson has made what may be almost termed disco¬ veries. For instance amongst the drawings previously with¬ drawn from exhibition at Oxford as unimportant, he has identified a study for the lost picture of the “ Crowning of S. Nicolas of Tolentino,” one of Raffaello’s chief early works. Up to this moment it has been supposed that a sketch in the Wicar collection at Lille was the only existing record of the destroyed painting; but now, thanks to Mr. Robinson, the hitherto neglected Oxford study takes its proper place. The paper is drawn on both sides: on the one there is the standing figure of an angel, the figure of a saint, or ecclesiastic, and a study for the left hand and arm of a figure holding a crown; on the other side are various studies of hands and arms relating to the same picture. The sketch is of the more value as the picture was never engraved; and although inferior in interest to the Lille drawing, yet, taken in conjunction with it, it not only affords a tolerably correct idea of the composition as a whole, but gives affirmative evidence as to the introduction into the picture of a figure of S. Nicolas of Bari hitherto attested only by a doubtful assertion in Pungileoni’s E/ogio storico di Raffaclle Scinti. Two of the Michel Angelo series have long been described as studies for portions of the Pisa Cartoon; to these Mr. Robinson adds three more, making a set of five in all, having well-grounded claims to be consi¬ dered as studies preliminary to the execution of the cartoon. They are of unequal value as drawings, but one, No. 16, a furious combat of cavalry and foot-soldiers, is instinct with the master’s terrible vigour, and issues out of those myste¬ rious shadows peculiar to Michel Angelo, which allure the eye with a strange half-awful charm. All these Oxford sketches are however, but for subordinate portions of the cartoon. The principal group is only preserved to us in the prints by Marc Antonio, Agostino, Veneziano, and that by Schiavonetti, from the chiaroscuro picture at Holkham. In Note 3, Mr. Robinson recalls these facts to us, and enriches them with comment and illustration. He shares the dream of eveiy enthusiastic student of Michel Angelo, that some day the lost portions of the great- cartoon-will be recovered, and encourages us to believe that at any rate we are not at the end of possible discoveries, even though the crowning triumph be deferred. In respect of the Medici Tombs, and concerning various other points, a great quantity of new and interesting details will be found in this Critical Account, but no part of the work is more worthy careful examination than the comments on the sketches referring to the Vatican frescoes. The inferiority of those on the ceiling in the chamber of Heliodorus has been often a subject of remark. Mr. Robinson attacks their authenticity, and employs the testimony of the Oxford studies with much ingenuity in support of his position. Any ■one may be easily convinced by slight examination, that neither the design of the “ Almighty accompanied by Angels ” for the fresco of the Burning Bush, nor the weaker drawing for the Sacrifice of Abraham, both ceiling frescoes in the chamber of Heliodorus, are by the hand of Raffaello, and Mr. Robinson is probably correct in his attribution of them to Giulio Romano. But it is difficult to see in No. 94 -catalogued as “ Study for one of the flying Angels in the fresco of Abraham’s Sacrifice,” a “ strong impress ” of that artist’s manner; and its close resemblance to the angel who supports the drapery on the left hand in the Madonna del Baldacchino, suggests that it may possibly be one of the ■early pen-drawings of Raffaello himself. There is also amongst the Raffaello series the fragment of a cartoon repre¬ senting a crucified left hand and arm. Passavant has noted it as a copy, and calls it “ Fragment des Cartons der Schliissel- ubergabe.” But in the Charge to Peter we see only the backs of both the right and left hands, whilst here we have the inside of the open palm, the drawing cannot be therefore that which Mr. Robinson following Passavant has supposed it to be. It is suggested that the study may be a portion of the cartoon of the Resurrection for the fifth tapestry of the second series, possibly from the hand of Giulio Romano. The action resembles so closely that of the uplifted right arm of the Christ issuing from the tomb, that it induces the supposition that the composition was reversed for working. But this cannot be positively asserted, for at present even the name of the author of the design in question remains in doubt. The mere fact that these are the only two points in a work of such extent which can be found open to question, is in itself a testimony to the scrupulous exactness with which the entire undertaking has been carried out The strictest requirements have been fulfilled. Prefixed to the Catalogue are chronological summaries of the lives of Michel Angelo and Raffaello, which will be found extremely useful for reference by those who are making a critical examination of the drawings,'and the Introduction contains a valuable account of the history of drawing collecting in England from Charles the 1st and the Earl of Arundel down to the dispersion of the unrivalled gatherings of Sir Thomas Lawrence, a por¬ tion of which constitutes the collection at Oxford. An unpublished sonnet by Michel Angelo will be found in the Notes, which occurs on a sheet of studies presumed for the Pisa cartoon. In short, Mr. Robinson has left nothing undone. Ample materials for work and investigation, both in respect of criticism and archaeology, are provided for the student in this unpretending volume, and he will find that in most cases the notes rise far above the usual level of a book of reference. E. F. S. Pattison. A Conference of Pleasure, composed for some festive occasion about the year 1592 by Francis Bacon. Edited, from a MS. belonging to the Duke of Northumberland, by James Spedding. London : Longmans, 1870: xxxi. and 54 pp. Svo. This book consists of four imaginary speeches, about 30 pp. long, with a preface and notes copious rather than elaborate, but interesting enough. The speeches are in praise of fortitude, love, knowledge, and Queen Elizabeth; they can hardly be called anything but rhetorical exercises, in the common form of the time, and (except the last, a review of its heroine’s character, policy, and fortunes) not so much an expression of Bacon’s opinions as dramatic. The last two were published by Stephens in 1734 from a m.s. of Lord Oxford’s (now quoted as Harl. m.s. 6797); the others have not before been printed. The duke’s m.s., better than the Harleian, was brought to light by Mr. Bruce in 1867. It has had its edges burned, and the editor has restored many of the words so destroyed by ingenious and learned conjectures, and with such a typographical arrange¬ ment that it is easy to judge of their probability. He has also emended several passages in the Harl. m.s. The Nor¬ thumberland House m.s. he has printed entire. Here is his emendation of one passage, missing in the duke’s m.s. : “The castell of Edenborough . . . w th place [m.s. with place] incontinently, without cunctations'or cavil- lations (the preambles of a wavering fayth), she rendered with all honour and sinceritie [tn.s. securitie] ” (p. 20). Here are two passages restored by conjecture in the Northumberland House m.s., “ I secke b[ut an cuen] tenor Digitized by Googl 8 [Oct. 22, 1870. The Academy. of minde” (p. 5). “No p[erson ever saw] at any time the minde of another but in love ” (p. 11). It seems to be taken for granted, though not by Mr. Spedding, as his introduction (p. xxxi) shews, that anything which can be fathered on Bacon was not only written but invented by him, and has an intrinsic value. Such an assumption resembles one which would give Locke a mono¬ poly of political speculation, or Addison a monopoly of moral, or make Warton the only critic of his day. These distinguished writers are of course only representatives of the students of the hour, admirably as they represent them, and given works of theirs may as fairly be treated as sui generis as given articles in to-day’s paper. R. Robinson. Intelligence. The Text of Chaucer.—In the Edinburgh Review for July is a most valuable article on the text of Chaucer, containing inter alia explana¬ tions of obscure terms employed by the poet. From four of the col¬ lected texts a final correction is derived for a line in the description of the Temple of Mars (A 'night's Tale). The Harleian text reads, " And thcrout came a rage of sitehe a/rise." « The passage in the MSS. runs thus, “ There stood the tcnipul of Mars armypotent. Wrought all of burned steel, of which the entree Was long and streyt and gastly for to sec, And thcrout came a rage and suc/ie a zn-se, That it madd al the gales for to rcse.” The writer shews that vese (glossed impetus) is the appropriate word, and explains the meaning of the lines to be “ that the furious blast issuing from the temple shook its ponderous gates of adamant and steel.” The word—spelt indifferently vese, vise, feese, fiys—comes from A.S. f/san, properare, and especially expressed the rapid and noisy move¬ ment of water. Thus Wycliffe, note to John v. 4, characterises a stand¬ ing pool as water “ gaderid togider havinge no fiyss.” The comparison of the din of arms to the din of a torrent was familiar both to mediaeval poets, and to Virgil (sEn. ii. 305; xii. 523). The passage before quoted, with the preceding lines, seems to convey the idea of confused martial discords, which, as they pour through the narrow gateways with the sound and fury of torrents pouring through straits, meet the outside storm. And the conflicting clash of wind and wave-sounds adds force to the implied image, that of the opposing rush of hostile armies. We are indebted for this suggestion to Mr. G. Waring. Ambrose Bonwicke.—The life of Ambrose Bonwicke, edited by Mr. J. E. B. Mayor, may be expected to appear in the course of November. Besides a reprint of the life written by his father, from the edition of 1729, the volume will contain illustrations of the influence of the Jesuit text-books at Cambridge, and of the course of University studies; authors now so little read as Hierocles and the Golden Verses, seem then to have been part of the staple of instruction, as well as more valuable authors like Quinctilian, now equally neglected. The mode of living was still very primitive, it was part of Bonwicke’s duties as a scholar to wind up the college clock, and the institution of “bedfellows” was still in vigour. The above will form the first volume of “ Cambridge under Queen Anne the second, which will not be ready until after Christmas, will contain accounts of the visits of Burmann in 1702 and Offenbach in 1710, showing, among other things, how one distinguished foreign scholar attended a bear-baiting, and another congratulated himself on the absence of Bodley’s librarian, who would have exacted a fee of a guinea while his subordinate was content with ten shillings. The Library at Stra3burg.—We fear the laconic telegraphic an¬ nouncement that the Library at Strasburg has been entirely destroyed, is but too true. We have written to Heidelburg to make more minute enquiries, but have not as yet received any reply. According to Schweighauser’s account published in a recent number of the Biblio¬ graphic de la France , the Library contained the collections of Schoepflin, the national historian of Alsace, and large gatherings from the monas¬ teries destroyed at the time of the Revolution. The greatest curiosities were the Jiortus Deliciarum of the Abbess Herrade of Landsperg, a folio MS. of the 12th cent., with miniatures on almost every leaf, and the volume containing the depositions in the lawsuit between Gutenberg and the brother of his partner Dritzohn, 1439. Many rare works of the early Strasburg printers have also perished. In the entrance of the Library some of the Gallo-Roman antiquities are capable of restoration, the picture-gallery in tile l’latz Kleber is also destroyed: beyond a capital Ostade nothing of great value. It is strange that the most pre¬ cious volumes, at least, of the collection were not put into a place of safety. The librarian, Zeller, has made a most earnest appeal for replacing the lost books. We ought to add that the Times correspond¬ ent obtained his information about the total destruction of the library from no more authoritative source than the principal bookseller in Strasburg; and that there is, therefore, still room for hope that the worst is not true. During 1869 the British Museum was increased by 32,013 volumes, including 1100 Chinese works, a magnificent map of the world of the fifteenth century (1457), executed for Prince Henry, the navigator, by the celebrated Venetian cosmographer Mauro, and a French MS. of 1300, enriched with miniatures, La Somme le Roy , by the confessor of Philip III., Brother Laurent. The Museum authorities are preparing for immediate publication the catalogue of pamphlets and satirical works printed in England from 1537 to 1688, and the third volume of the cuneiform inscriptions. — Mr. W. W. Story has in hand a work on the history of the Castle of St. Angelo at Rome, and in contemplation a tragedy on a Roman mediaeval subject—the loves of Otho and Stephania. Mr. Swinburne has been for some time engaged on the legend of Tristan and Yseult. The poem turns largely on the contrast between mediaeval Christianity and ideal human passion. Mr. W. B. Scott is supplying the critical text to an illustrated work on French artists shortly to be published. Mr. G. H. Lewes has entirely rewritten his chapter on Hegel for a new edition of his History of Philosophy. Selected Articles. Scritti inediti di Torquato Tasso, by Attilio Portioli. [They consist of twenty-nine letters, some only a few lines long, two sonnets, and a madrigal found amongst the historical documents of Mantua. The letters are mostly of later date than Tasso’s imprisonment, and show an irritability, like Rousseau’s, which would have made his life a melan¬ choly one under any circumstances. To these are added one or two other unpublished letters to or about the poet, including one from Bernardo Tasso, telling how his son was nearly burnt to death in 1567, from reading in bed.]—Rivista Europea, July. Della Tavola di nostra Donna nel Tabemacolo di Or San Michele. Gaetano Milanesi. [This picture, formerly attributed to Ugolino of Siena, is now placed amongst the best works of the middle of the 14th century. Two memoranda (bearing date 1346 and 1347) of payments to Bernardo Daddi (a pupil of Giotto, fl. 1300-1350) for painting “ la tavola nuova di nostra Donna,” suggested to Sig. Milanesi that this work replaced the original Madonna mentioned by Villani, which stood on a pillar in the loggia, then used as a com exchange. Sig. M. has already assigned the portrait of Dante, known as Giotto’s, to this same Daddi, whom he also identifies with a “ Bernardo of Florence;” and as some contemporary notices seem to show that the latter was some¬ times confounded with Nardo Orgagna (Nardo being short both for Bernardo and Lionardo), he goes on to attribute to him the famous frescoes of Hell, the Judgment, and the Triumph of Death, in the Campo Santo of Pisa; adding, what is certainly true, that if these suppositions were correct, Bernardo Daddi would rank among the first artists of his age.]—The same. Bastiat, J. E. Cairaes. [Bastiat’s theory of value was directed against Socialism, and he is hampered in his reasoning by the foregone con¬ clusion “ that, left to themselves, human interests are harmonious.” Though he claims to be the first to maintain that natural gifts have no value, whatever their utility, he defines value as the “ relation of two services exchanged,” expressly because the word service may be under¬ stood either of the benefit conferred or of that received. He admits that the one may be out of all proportion to the other, and does not see that this can only arise from the natural advantages, which he does not recognize as an element of value.]—Fortnightly Review, Oct. I. Ancient Japanese Poetry. [Japanese verse is for the most part lyric or descriptive ; it is of two kinds, “ Shi,” of Chinese origin and struc¬ ture, and “Uta,” of purely native growth. The latter consists of lines of five and seven syllables variously arranged, and to fill up the metre meaningless terms called “pillow-words” (like the French chenille), are used at discretion. Some of the Ko-uta, or minor poems, translated express a simple image gracefully; the earliest date from before the 9th century, A.D.] —Westminster Review, October. Joan of Arc, by L. [A new and valuable metre : the thoughts and imagery recall Swinburne, Tennyson, Morris, and Browning, unmistake- ably and pleasantly: the general conception, though obvious, is elevated.] —Same. Florence from 1200 to 1345, by P. N. Muller, in De Gids, Sept. [A sketch of the commercial history of Florence, based on a recent work by the Commodore Peruzzi, and containing some details of interest on the relations of the English kings with their Italian bankers.] Digitized by VjOOQl0 Oct. 22, 1870.] The Academy. 9 New Books. Blackburn, Henry. Art in the Mountains: the Story of the Passion-Play. Sampson Low and Co. Byron’s Poetical Works. Edited, with Memoir, by William M. Rossetti. London : Moxon and Son. Custine, Lettres du Marquis A. de, a Vamhagen d’Ense et Rahel Varnhagen d’Ense. C. Uruquardt: Brussels, 1870. Kebbel, T. E. The Agricultural Labourer. A Handbook. Chapman and Hall. Martin, Theodore. Ancient Classics for English Readers. Vol. vi. Blackwood and Sons. Mazzini, Joseph, Life and Writings of. Vol. vi. Smith, Elder, & Co. Petrarca, Fr., Le Rime di. Commento di G. Bozzo. Palermo. Quinet, Edg. de. CEuvres Completes. Politique et Religion. Paris. Paguerre. Taii.I-ANDIER, Saint Rene. Drames'et Romans de la Vie litteraire. Paris. Theology. The Fourth Gospel: An Attempt to ascertain the character of the Fourth Gospel, especially in its relation to the Three First, by J. J. Tayler, B.A. 2nd ed. London : Williams and Norgatc. The first edition of this work was published in 1867; the present is posthumous. Mr. Tayler had intended (so Rev. J. Martineau says in his preface) to enlarge the book, but nothing was found sufficiently connected for publication. The only insertion is a long small-print note on the Paschal Controversy, mainly concerned with Hilgenfeld’s researches. Mr. Tayler was thoroughly acquainted with the state of the question up to within a recent period, and it should be remembered that the original preface designedly omits refer¬ ence to the later literature on the subject in order to present the conclusions arrived at in a more independent way. From many points of view, this was a distinct advantage. To it we probably owe something of the freshness which is striking in the work -of “ a green old age.” But there are some drawbacks to be set on the other side. The controversy has to some extent shifted its ground from the point at which Mr. Tayler took it up ; and the consequence has been, that while all that he has written is of value in itself, it is apt to be less strictly relevant in the aspect which the question is now assuming. Thus there is significance in the way in which Mr. Tayler’s argument is distributed. Omitting the last two chapters, one of which is a recapitulation of what has gone before, and the other treats of the wider religious bearings of the question, we have a total of 142 pages. Of this we may say that 45 are devoted to a consideration of the relation of the Gospel to the Apocalypse, 34 to a con¬ sideration of the external testimony to the Gospel itself, and 43 to the Paschal Controversy, leaving 9 for an in¬ troductory statement of the question, and just 11 for the examination of “ internal indications.” Now if we turn from Mr. Tayler to some of the more recent writers upon the same subject in Germany—such, for instance, as M. Witti- chen ( Geschichiliche Charaktcr des Evange/iums Johantiis ; Elberfeld, 1868), or Dr. Keim ( Geschichte Jesu von Nazara, pp. 103-172 ; Zurich, 1867), the contrast which they present is considerable. In these the Paschal Controversy disap¬ pears altogether. The Apocalypse is mentioned only to be dismissed. The external evidence is reduced in one case to a little more, and in the other to a little less, than one- seventh of the whole matter, and the remainder is occupied entirely with an analysis of the Gospel, either of its language and style, or of its theology, or of the historical narrative which it contains. In other words the importance attached to these branches of the argument by Mr. Tayler on the one hand, and by MM. Wittichen and Keim on the other, is in the proportion of i-J3th to 6-7ths, or about 1 to 10. This change of treatment has not been without its reasons. The Paschal Controversy has dropped into the background because it is seen to be inconclusive. If we allow to the traditions of the second century an authority which they hardly possess, there are still too many possibilities interven¬ ing between the premiss that St John observed the 14th Nisan, and the conclusion that he cannot have represented the Crucifixion as taking place upon that day. We may, if we please, accept the far from improbable theory of Bleek that the Christian celebration grew immediately out of the Jewish Passover without reference in the first instance to the Last Supper. And this theory would only be confirmed, if we thought with Dr. Keim that the date assigned to the Crucifixion in the Fourth Gospel was a deliberate transposi¬ tion in order to identify it with the sacrifice of the Paschal Lamb. At any rate the tendency among critics is to treat the question simply as one of comparative credibility between the Synoptic Gospels and the Fourth, not as involving any inconsistency with what we know of the Apostle. There seems to be in like manner a tacit agreement to treat the Apocalypse by itself independently of the Gospel. For supposing it to be proved that the two could not pos¬ sibly have been written by the same author, it still would not follow that the author of the Apocalypse was St. John. And, however, this may be, Mr. Tayler has somewhat over¬ looked one important element in the conclusion, viz., the unparalleled psychological revolution that must have taken place in the mind of a Jew exiled to a centre of Greek culture and philosophy, and with the temple and the Jewish system along with it destroyed. We are inclined to think that other writers besides Mr. Tayler have underrated this con¬ sideration. Such a complete change of circumstances would tell upon style even more immediately and certainly than upon thought. It would be strange if an Englishman spoke German no better after 10 or 15 years’ residence in Berlin, and it would be strange also if he did not more or less im¬ bibe German ideas. The cases of Milton and Dry-den adduced by Mr. Tayler are not really parallel, because neither of these writers lived out of England for any l.ength of time. Lastly, as to the external evidence, we are disposed to agree with M. Wittichen, that it “ has in most cases had greater influence upon the final judgment of the critic, than the nature either of that evidence or of the ecclesiastical tradi¬ tion on the origin of the books of the New Testament gene¬ rally seems to warrant.” The most that the external evidence can be said to prove is that the Gospel was current at a certain time, and not that it either was or was not written by St. John. If these considerations are to be held valid, it would seem that more depends on an internal analysis than is con¬ sistent with the space which Mr. Tayler allots to it. We know that it has been for some time a characteristic of English criticism, to be jealous at least of some of the forms of internal evidence, but it is seen in practice that the subjective element which they imply is not incompatible either with scientific method or definite results. Mr. Tayler concludes with a suggestion which curiously inverts the not uncommon view that the Gospel was written by the Apostle, and the Apocalypse by the presbyter. He apparently forgets for the moment that what is permitted to those who assign both to the Apostolic age is not permitted to one who places a gulf of nearly a century between them. John the presbyter, if he existed at all, was also one of the immediate “ disciples of the Lord,” and obviously could not have been the author of a work appearing between I 35' 1 ^ , 3 A - n - Looking back over Mr. Tayler’s work as a whole, perhaps Digitized by Google [Oct. 22, 1870. 10 The Academy. we might say that it was valuable rather for the vivid and finished picture which it gives of the Christianity of the 2nd century, than for its direct bearing upon the Johannean question. It is written throughout with an elegance and chastened vigour which leave nothing to be desired. W. Sanday. Ecclesiastical History of England.—The Church of the Restoration. liy John Stoughton, D.D. 2 vols. 8vo. Hodder & Stoughton, 1S70. This is a second instalment of the author’s Ecclesiastical History of England. Vol. i. was occupied with the “ Church of the Civil Wars,” vol. ii. with the “ Church of the Common¬ wealth.” A fifth volume is promised in which the history is to be brought down to the Revolution. The 18th century is contemplated as among the visions of the future. The present volumes contain the history of Charles II. and James II., a period not so stirring as that which preceded it, yet quite as important to us. For while the Civil Wars passed over without leaving a trace behind in ecclesiastical institutions, it was under the Restoration that both Church and Non-con¬ formity received the shape and assumed the attitude towards each other which they have maintained to our time. The sources from which the present two volumes have been derived, are partly the standard authorities employed by all Church historians, partly MS. or unused materials. The staple of the history is necessarily the same for all alike. The volumes in which it is to be found are, the Parliamentary History of England, Thurloe’s State Papers, Kennett’s Register, Burnet, Baxter, Neal, and Calamy. To these may be added Cardwell’s Synodalia, Lathbury’s History of Convocation, the continuation of Clarendon, and the Journals of the two Houses. Besides these the printed bio¬ graphies, episcopalian and. puritan alike, have been diligently used, and more than one interesting fact has been disinterred from a local history, e.g, an anecdote is told (1, 127) of Lord Wharton from Lipscomb’s Hist, and Antiq. of Bucks. The MS. sources now employed for the first time are as follows:—The State Papers in the Record Office. Among curiosities entombed in this mass of records are the private letters written by various citizens of London describing the election of members tp Chas. II.’s first Parliament, 1661. They were intercepted in the Post Office, and never reached their destination. (2) Some papers preserved in the Archives of Parliament, relating to the passing of the Act of Uni¬ formity. (3) A register preserved in Dr. Williams’ Library. (4) A Diary kept by Henry Townshend of Elmley Lovet, Worcestershire, in the possession of Sir Thos. Phillips. (5) The collections preserved in the University Library at Cambridge, the British Museum, Lambeth, Chichester, &c. From such materials a narrative is compiled with industry, care and impartiality. Besides the regular narrative in chro¬ nological sequence of public events, chapters are added or introduced which serve to throw together stray characteristics of the men and the times. Such are vol. i. chap. 25, in which the Bishops of the Restoration are passed in review. The summary with which the review closes may serve to mark the author’s point of view as a historian. He pro¬ nounces the best of the Bishops to have been men of ability, learning, of unimpeachable morals, hospitable, orthodox and devout. But he asks :— “Is there one among them to whom posterity can point as possessing, in an eminent degree, the true episcopal faculty, the gift of spiritual overseeiship, of a deep insight into Christ’s truth, into God's providence, and into men s souls ? Is there one who excelled in folding the sheep which were lost, one who struck the world’s conscience, making it feel how awful goodness is ?" Two or three pages are all that is given to the rural clergy, the account of whom is founded on the same authori¬ ties as Macaulay’s well-known picture, a picture which Dr. Stoughton pronounces a “ humorous one-sided satire.” We may here mention that a paper in the hands of the Record Commission has been examined by Dr. Stoughton, and found to confirm Macaulay’s clever conjecture that the initials P. M. A. C. F. in the Somers Tracts (8, 428) denoted “ Peru Mansuete, a Cordelier Friar,” who brought the sacrament to the dying Charles II. Other chapters are devoted to illustrations of religious character in accounts of persons eminent for piety, church or puritan. The Lives of Oliver Heywood and of Philip Henry are windows through which we may discover the domestic habits of the nonconformists. The chapters on the Theology of the period are nothing more than abstracts of some of the principal books, or summaries of the opi¬ nions of the leading names. The fairness with which these summaries are drawn reminds us of Hallam; but they want Hallam’s precision and literary appreciation. This Ecclesiastical History will scarcely be more fortunate than the many meritorious attempts which have preceded it, which have been read in their day, and then dropped into oblivion. It has no life in it. With entire candour of dis¬ position, there is wanting the comprehensive intelligence. Neither the events, nor the opinions, treated of, are brought within the scope of the great European progress. No law of development is discernible in his pages. History under such treatment is a succession of casualties, and science and philosophy are what people happen to be thinking. Dr. Stoughton apologising for filling so many pages with mere analyses of books, says, “ it would have been easier and more attractive to indulge in broad generalisations on the subject.” It certainly is not easy to frame the one generalisation which is of any value in a history of opinions, theological or philosophical — viz. to detect the hidden thread of connection which binds together the